Week 6
Loss of inhibition from this brain structure can result in increased activity of the vestibular nuclei.
What is the cerebellum?
This part of the brain is responsible for cognition, intelligence, behavior, emotions, and sensory processing.
What is the forebrain (cerebrum)?
This structure collects sound waves and helps with sound localization in mammals.
What is the pinna?
This injectable anesthetic drug induces general anesthesia by acting primarily on GABA-A receptors in the CNS.
What is propofol?
This diagnostic ophthalmic test uses a fluorescent dye to detect corneal ulcers or defects in the corneal epithelium.
What is the fluorescein stain test?
These regions of skin are each innervated by a single spinal nerve and are used clinically to assess nerve damage.
What are dermatomes?
A dog presents with intention tremors, cerebellar ataxia, increased muscle tone, and normal mentation.
What is cerebellar disease (cerebellar syndrome)?
This process moves epithelial cells laterally to help remove cerumen, dirt, and debris from the ear canal.
What is epithelial migration?
This drug is a partial μ-opioid agonist and κ-opioid antagonist, producing analgesia but with less respiratory depression than full μ-agonists.
What is buprenorphine?
This topical ophthalmic drug is used to induce mydriasis and cycloplegia during ophthalmic examinations and is also commonly used in the treatment of anterior uveitis to relieve ciliary muscle spasm.
What is atropine?
Three major neurological categories can cause incoordination in animals during gait evaluation.
What are spinal (proprioceptive), vestibular, and cerebellar ataxia?
A lesion in this part of the nervous system typically causes UMN signs to the limbs, altered consciousness, and possible cranial nerve deficits.
What is a brainstem lesion?
During an otoscopic examination, rupture of this structure suggests the presence of otitis media.
What is the tympanic membrane?
This injectable anesthetic drug produces rapid induction with minimal cardiovascular depression, making it useful for patients with cardiac disease.
What is etomidate?
This degenerative process occurs in the portion of an axon distal to a site of nerve injury, leading to breakdown of the axon and myelin sheath.
What is Wallerian degeneration?
This neural network distributes vestibular information to multiple brain regions, including motor and vomiting centers, helping coordinate balance and autonomic responses.
What is the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)?
A patient shows head tilt to the left, vertical nystagmus, postural reaction deficits, and altered mentation, indicating involvement beyond the inner ear.
What is a central vestibular lesion?
This gland in the ear canal is a modified apocrine sweat gland responsible for producing cerumen (ear wax).
What are the ceruminous glands?
This drug acts as an opioid receptor antagonist and is commonly used to reverse respiratory depression caused by opioid overdose.
What is naloxone?
This topical agent is commonly applied to wounds because it promotes epithelialization, protects damaged tissue, and helps support skin healing.
What is silver sulfadiazine?
These cranial nerves control most extraocular muscles and are responsible for coordinated eye movements during vestibular reflexes.
What are cranial nerves III, IV, and VI?
This transparent, avascular structure of the eye is composed of four layers—epithelium, stroma, Descemet’s membrane, and endothelium—and is responsible for most of the eye’s refractive power.
What is the cornea?
This tissue forms during repair and consists of new capillaries, fibroblasts, and extracellular matrix that help rebuild damaged tissue.
What is granulation tissue?
This neuroactive steroid anesthetic is considered a safer injectable induction agent for Greyhounds compared to barbiturates due to its rapid metabolism and smoother recovery.
What is alfaxalone?
This monoclonal antibody drug targets interleukin-31 (IL-31) to reduce pruritus in dogs with allergic dermatitis and is administered as an injection that can provide relief for several weeks.
What is Cytopoint (lokivetmab)?