Prenatal & Physical Development
A newborn automatically turns its head and opens its mouth when its cheek is touched. What is this reflex called?
Rooting Reflex
A child says “The moon is following me!” while walking outside. This statement illustrates which cognitive limitation?
Egocentrism
A 4-month-old produces repetitive vowel-consonant sounds like “ba” or “da” without meaning. Which stage is this?
Babbling
A baby cries when a stranger approaches but calms down when the caregiver is near. This type of early fear is called _____.
Stranger Anxiety
An individual repeatedly experiences aversive events they cannot control, eventually stops trying to avoid them even when escape is possible. This phenomenon is called _____.
Learned Helplessness
In the visual cliff experiment, infants hesitate to crawl over a perceived drop. This demonstrates what ability?
Depth Perception
A middle-aged adult excels in using accumulated knowledge from past experiences, while a younger adult excels at abstract problem-solving and learning new information. Which two types of intelligence are being compared?
Crystallized vs Fluid
A toddler says “doggie” to refer to all four-legged animals. This is an example of which phenomenon?
Overgeneralization
Parents are highly controlling with little warmth, often leading children to anxiety and low self-esteem. This parenting style is called _____.
Authoritarian
An animal learns to associate a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus, producing a conditioned response. This type of learning is called _____.
Classical Conditioning
Certain behaviors in animals only develop if exposed to stimuli during a specific early-life window. This window is called what?
Critical Period
A student can solve tasks slightly beyond their independent ability with teacher guidance, gradually internalizing the skill. Which concept does this illustrate?
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
A 2-year-old says “Want cookie” omitting auxiliary verbs. Which stage of language development does this represent?
Telegraphic Speech
Adolescents often believe everyone is watching their every action, shaping their self-conscious behavior. This phenomenon is called _____.
Imaginary Audience
After repeated exposure to a stimulus that has no consequence, an organism gradually stops responding. This simple form of learning is called _____.
Habituation
A mother drinks alcohol during pregnancy, leading to cognitive deficits and facial abnormalities in the child. What is this condition called?
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
What are the four stages of Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete operational
Formal Operational
When a child understands that the word “dog” refers to the animal and not just any four-legged creature, they are demonstrating knowledge of _____.
Semantics
Innate personality traits that can influence how easily a child forms secure attachments
Temperament
Explain vicarious conditioning
Vicarious Conditioning is a form of observational learning in which an individual acquires a conditioned response by observing someone else experience reinforcement or punishment, rather than through direct experience.
Konrad Lorenz demonstrated that goslings follow the first moving object they see after hatching. This phenomenon is called what?
Imprinting
A teacher helps a student solve a math problem by first giving hints, then gradually letting the student attempt each step independently until the student can solve similar problems alone. This teaching method illustrates which cognitive development concept?
Scaffolding
In language acquisition, the minimal sound unit, minimal meaning unit, and grammatical rules are central to structure. Which three terms correspond?
Phonemes, Morphemes, Grammar
A teenager believes that their experiences and feelings are completely unique and that no one else could possibly understand them. This aspect of adolescent egocentrism is called _____.
Personal Fable
A behavior is strengthened if followed by a reward and weakened if followed by punishment. This principle is called the _____.
Law of Effect