Cognitive Processes
What do we call the mental system that explains how learners convert input into knowledge?
Information processing
What type of processing is slow, effortful, and requires conscious attention?
Controlled
What is the process of making language use fast and effortless through repeated practice?
Automatization
What must learners do consciously before they can acquire a linguistic feature?
Noticing
What distinction separates subconscious language development from conscious rule study?
Acquisition vs learning
What is the limited system that temporarily holds and manipulates information during language use?
Working memory
What type of processing is fast, effortless, and does not require conscious thought?
Automatic
What stage involves knowing explicit grammar rules before using them?
Declarative
Which researcher proposed that awareness is necessary for acquisition?
Schmidt
What hypothesis claims grammar is acquired in a predictable sequence regardless of teaching order?
Natural order
What is the process by which learners focus on specific parts of input while ignoring others?
Attention
What type of processing do beginners rely on when they must think about grammar rules?
Controlled
What stage involves beginning to apply rules in communication but still with hesitation?
Proceduralization
What type of input is slightly above the learner’s current level (i + 1)?
Comprehensible input
What internal system checks and edits language output for correctness?
Monitor
What do we call the portion of input that learners actually process and internalize?
Intake
What cognitive limitation explains why we cannot focus on grammar, vocabulary, and meaning at the same time?
Limited attention
What stage is reached when language can be used quickly and without conscious effort?
Automaticity
What is the main reason learners do not learn everything they hear?
Attention
What emotional barrier can block input from becoming intake?
Affective filter
What is the stage where learners use stored knowledge to produce language?
Output
What is improved when language processing becomes automatic and requires less attention?
Fluency
What is the key factor that moves learners from controlled to automatic performance?
Practice
What do learners identify when comparing “She lived…” vs “She has lived…”?
Meaning difference
What scientific problem refers to the difficulty of testing Krashen’s theory?
Falsifiability