Mendel Basics
This term describes a trait you can observe, like dimples or flower color.
What is phenotype?
A Punnett square helps predict the possible offspring genotypes and the probability of each offspring _____.
What is phenotype?
This principle says alleles for different genes usually separate independently into gametes (when genes are on different chromosomes).
What is independent assortment?
When the heterozygous phenotype is a blend (red + white → pink), the pattern is called _____.
What is incomplete dominance?
In the Hardy–Weinberg equation, p² + 2pq + q² = _____.
What is 1?
A genotype with two different alleles for the same gene is described as this.
What is heterozygous?
If B is dominant and b is recessive, the genotype that shows the recessive trait must be _____.
What is bb (homozygous recessive)?
The classic phenotype ratio for AaBb × AaBb (two traits with complete dominance) is _____.
What is 9:3:3:1?
When both alleles are fully expressed in a heterozygote (like AB blood type), it is _____.
What is codominance?
In Hardy–Weinberg, q represents the frequency of the ____ allele.
What is the recessive allele?
Mendel maintained “pure” pea plant lines by allowing plants to do this (rather than cross with other plants).
What is self-pollination (self-fertilization)?
For a simple dominant trait, the expected phenotype ratio from Aa × Aa is ____ (dominant : recessive).
What is 3:1?
Even if a couple has had three daughters, the chance their next child is a son is still about _____.
What is 50% (1/2)?
A trait controlled by more than two allele options (like the ABO blood group) is an example of _____.
What are multiple alleles?
If 4% of a population shows a recessive phenotype (aa), estimate q.
What is 0.20?
Different versions of the same gene are called these.
What are alleles?
In rabbits, black fur (F) is dominant to white (f). A black rabbit crossed with a white rabbit produces ~50% white kits. The black rabbit’s genotype is _____.
What is Ff (heterozygous)?
A plant is Yyrr. List the different gametes it can produce.
What are Yr and yr?
A person who has one normal allele and one recessive disease allele but shows no symptoms is a _____.
What is a carrier?
If q = 0.20, then p equals _____.
What is 0.80?
Mendel’s law stating that allele pairs separate during gamete formation so each gamete carries only one allele.
What is the Law of Segregation?
A “test cross” pairs an organism showing a dominant trait with a homozygous recessive. If any recessive offspring appear, the dominant parent must be _____.
What is heterozygous?
In the cross AaBb × aabb, the fraction of offspring expected to be aabb is _____.
What is 1/4 (25%)?
Traits with a wide range of phenotypes because many genes contribute (like height) are called _____.
What are polygenic traits?
Name one Hardy–Weinberg condition that would be broken if organisms move into or out of the population.
What is no migration (no gene flow)?