Cells
What are the three main ideas of modern cell theory?
What organelle contains DNA in eukaryotic cells?
Nucleus.
Name the model that predated the 'fluid mosaic' model.
The Sandwich Model
What type of transport requires energy?
Active transport
Autotroph vs heterotroph
Autotrophs produce organic compounds from inorganic sources, while heterotrophs obtain energy by consuming organic matter
What is the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles.
What is the jelly-like substance that fills the inside of a cell called?
Cytoplasm
What is the function of the cell membrane?
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine triphosphate
Describe the purpose of photosynthesis.
Turning light energy into chemical energy
Who coined the term 'cell'?
Robert Hooke
What is the role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Synthesising, folding, modifying, and transporting proteins.
Describe the lipid bilayer.
Two layers of phospholipid molecules, forming a stable, flexible barrier with the hydrophilic heads of the phospholipids facing outwards and the hydrophobic fatty acid tails pointing inward.
What type of diffusion uses transmembrane proteins?
Facilitated diffusion
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide + water -- (sunlight)--> glucose + oxygen
What are the two different types of electron microscopes and how do they differ?
Scanning electron microscopes (SEM) create a 3D surface image of a sample, while the transmission electron microscope (TEM) allows us to see 2D internal structural details.
What organelles are present or differ in plants compared to animal cells?
Chloroplast, cell wall, large vacuole
Identify the major components of the cell membrane.
Phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol and carbohydrates.
What is osmosis?
The spontaneous net movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from a region of higher water potential (lower solute concentration) to a region of lower water potential (higher solute concentration)
What is the equation for cellular respiration?
Glucose + oxygen --> water + carbon dioxide + ATP
What are the three domains in which all life is classified?
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
Where is the nucleolus found and what is its primary function?
It is found within the nucleus and it transcribes ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and assembles it with proteins to form ribosomal subunits.
Identify the structural requirement for plasma membrane fluidity in lower temperature environments.
Phospholipids with unsaturated fatty acid tails
A cell is placed into a hypotonic solution. Are the solute levels outside the cell higher or lower than inside, and what will happen to the cell?
The extracellular environment has a lower solute concentration than the cell, therefore water will move into the cell causing it to swell and lyse
Assess why prokaryotic cells are generally smaller than eukaryotic cells in terms of efficiency.
Smaller size maintains high SA:V ratio, enabling efficient diffusion without organelles. Larger eukaryotic cells require organelles and transport systems to maintain efficiency.