Foundations of Learning
What is the definition of learning in psychology?
A relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge due to experience
What is nature?
Genetic/biological influence on behavior
What is classical conditioning?
Learning through association
What is operant conditioning?
Learning through rewards and punishment
What is observational learning?
Learning by watching others
What is the difference between behavior and mental processes?
Behavior = observable actions; Mental processes = internal thoughts, feelings, memory
What is nurture?
Environmental influence (experience, upbringing, culture)
Who discovered classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
What is reinforcement?
Increases behavior
What is a model?
The person being observed
Give one example of learning from ship life
Example: Learning to use the dishwasher / remembering rules / handling fear
Who proposed the idea of tabula rasa (blank slate)?
John Locke
What is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
Something that naturally causes a response
Difference between positive and negative reinforcement?
Positive = add something good; Negative = remove something bad
What is intrinsic motivation?
Doing something because you enjoy it
What does NOT count as learning?
Temporary changes, mood changes, reflexes, instincts
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Give one example of nature and one of nurture
Nature = inherited traits; Nurture = learning from environment
What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?
: A previously neutral stimulus that triggers a learned response
What is punishment?
Decreases behavior
What is extrinsic motivation?
Doing something for rewards or to avoid punishment
What are the three main types of learning?
Classical conditioning, operant conditioning, observational learning
Who proposed the idea of tabula rasa (blank slate)?
John Locke
Put in order: CS, UCS, CR, UCR (describe process)
Before: UCS → UCR
During: CS + UCS → UCR
After: CS → CR
Give an example of negative punishment
Taking away phone, privileges, or activities
What is learned helplessness?
When someone stops trying because they believe they can’t succeed