Altruism
This key term refers to helping another individual at a cost to oneself
Altruism
“You scratch my back I’ll scratch yours” is a man-made expression for this concept seen amongst some species of animals
Reciprocity
These related individuals would be more likely to assist in an another animal's reproductive fitness
Kin
An action performed for its own sake rather than to achieve some other goal defines this element of play
Self-rewarding behavior
This concept relates to the only explanation for altruism among non-kin
Reciprocal altruism
This term is another way of describing reciprocity
Reciprocal altruism
The primary focus of kin selection is to pass these on to future generations
Shared alleles
This effect explains why an individual is less likely to be attacked in a larger group
Dilution effect
Playing fetch with a dog combines these two types of play
Social play and object play
This researcher first coined the term “reciprocal altruism” in 1971
Robert Trivers
This term describes an individual who inherits one set of genes from each parent
Diploid
While living in groups, these two resources would be more widely available
Food and mates
This neurotransmitter is responsible for modulating motivation to play
Dopamine
This hypothesis suggests that individual's group together to reduce their “zone of danger”
Selfish herd hypothesis
A dog approaching you with a toy in its mouth and bowing is an example of this type of indicator
Play marker/signal
Expressed as rB > C, this rule shows how relatedness moderates the probability that altruism will occur
Hamilton's Rule
Play behavior is at its highest under these three environmental conditions
High food availability, high energy availability, no immediate fitness threats