Saussure
What is the distinction between langue and parole?
Langue is the abstract system of language; parole is actual speech/use.
What is linguistic relativity?
The idea that language influences how people think and perceive reality.
What is Universal Grammar?
An innate set of grammatical principles shared by all humans.
What is the sociocultural theory?
Learning occurs through social interaction and cultural context.
Say a Joke
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Saussure is considered as...
The Father of the Modern Linguistics
How are language and culture related according to Sapir?
Language reflects and shapes cultural experience.
What is generative grammar?
A theory explaining how sentences are formed
What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
The gap between what a learner can do alone and with help.
What force keeps us on the ground?
Gravity
What is the linguistic sign?
A unit made of a signifier (sound/image) and a signified (concept).
What are the six functions of language (Roman Jakobson)?
Referential, emotive, conative, phatic, metalingual, poetic.
What are deep structure and surface structure?
Deep structure = underlying meaning; surface structure = spoken form.
Why is social interaction important in learning?
It helps learners develop cognitive and language skills.
What gas do plants absorb from the atmosphere?
Carbon dioxide
What does Saussure mean by the arbitrariness of the sign?
There is no natural connection between words and their meanings.
What is the poetic function of language?
Focus on the form/message itself (e.g., poetry, slogans)
Why did Chomsky criticize behaviorism?
Because language cannot be explained only by imitation and reinforcement.
What is scaffolding in education?
Support given by a teacher to help learners achieve tasks.
Dance a song
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What is the difference between signifier and signified?
The signifier is the form (sound/word); the signified is the concept.
What is Jakobson’s contribution to structuralism?
He expanded structural analysis to communication and language functions
Why does Chomsky argue that language is innate?
Because children acquire language quickly with limited input.
Is language more biological (Chomsky) or social (Vygotsky)?
Both; language involves innate ability and social interaction.
Say a Tongue Twister
If two witches were watching two watches, which witch would watch which watch?