It Stands for
UCC
Uniform Commercial Code
The Russian Supreme Court ruled against the singer, ordering her to return her Moscow apartment to the legal buyer ending a high-profile "scam saga". The singer had previously regained the property by claiming she was pressured by fraudsters. It turned out that she held both the property and the sale funds.
Dolina v Lurie
Monetary compensation for losses not capable of precise calculation at the time of breach
General damages
A court order forcing a party to do or stop doing something
Injunction
This is a serious violation that goes to the "root" of the agreement, substantially impacting the benefits the innocent party expected.
Material breach
IRS
Internal Revenue Service
The case was used by lobbyists to push for tort reform—laws that limit the amount of money people can win in lawsuits against corporations. After long trials the judge awarded $2.7M in damages, but the appellate court reduced the punitive damages to $480,000 for gross negligence, but it is known that the parties settled the monetary compensation out of court afterwards.
Liebeck v McDonalds
This compensation requires the breach to constitute a separate, intentional tort
Punitive damages
An equitable remedy in contract law where a court orders a party to perform their specific contractual obligations rather than pay monetary damages.
Specific performance
This is a failure to perform a contractual obligation that does not destroy the contract's core purpose.
Minor breach
LLP
Limited Liability Partnership
The court established that negligence is only actionable if the plaintiff is a foreseeable victim within the "zone of danger". The court held that defendants are not liable for unforeseeable consequences, dismissing claims by a passenger hit by falling scales after a distant explosion.
Palsgraf v Railroad
Pre-agreed, fixed sums payable by a party for specific breaches of contract, such as delays, designed to provide certainty and avoid proving actual losses.
Liquidated damages
A remedy designed to reverse a defendant's unjust enrichment by restoring benefits they received at the claimant's expense
Restitution
It occurs when one party fails to perform an essential obligation, causing substantial detriment that deprives the innocent party of the contract's core benefit.
Fundamental breach
EGM
Extraordinary General Meeting
The court confirmed that damages for non-pecuniary losses—specifically distress, inconvenience, and loss of amenity—are recoverable in contract law when a major object of the contract was to provide pleasure, relaxation, or peace of mind.
Farley v Skinner
Monetary compensation in contract law designed to restore the non-breaching party to the financial position they occupied before the contract was made.
Reliance damages
This remedy constitutes the discharge of a contract, freeing parties from future unaccrued obligations
Termination
It occurs when one party to a contract explicitly communicates or demonstrates through actions that they will not fulfill their contractual obligations before the performance is actually due.
Anticipatory breach
HMRC
HM Revenue & Customs
The case is a landmark legal precedent establishing that a contract clause is a penalty if it is "extravagant and unconscionable" compared to the greatest possible loss, rather than a genuine pre-estimate of loss.
Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v New Garage & Motor Co Ltd
This rule in contract law limits recoverable damages to those that were reasonably contemplated by both parties at the time of contract formation.
Foreseeability rule
Remedies available under sale of goods legislation
Right to reject or return or replace or repair goods
Detect type of breach: A construction contractor hired to renovate a house sells all their heavy machinery and closes their office before the project starts, signaling they cannot complete the job.
Anticipatory breach