Soccer
This socio-economic stratum of pre-revolutionary France consisted largely of educated professionals, merchants, and financially prosperous urban residents who increasingly demanded political influence.
a. the sans-culottes
b. the bourgeoisie
c. les fraternités
d. les incompétents
b. the bourgeoisie
The French Revolution entered its decisive popular phase on July 14, 1789, when which event occurred?
a. Napoleon dispersed rioters with artillery fire
b. Parisian crowds stormed the Bastille fortress-prison
c. peasants destroyed aristocratic estates nationwide
d. royal troops were defeated outside Paris by conscripts
b. Parisian crowds stormed the Bastille fortress-prison
The uprising of the sans-culottes helped transfer power to the most radical republican faction, the:
a. Girondins
b. Jacobins
c. Bourgeoisie
d. Émigrés
b. Jacobins
Napoleon’s brief restoration to power after escaping his first exile is known historically as:
a. the Elba Escape
b. the Hundred Days
c. the coup d’état
d. the Russian Campaign
b. the Hundred Days
Following Napoleon’s final defeat, France was compelled to:
a. divide into smaller kingdoms
b. execute the Bonaparte family
c. pay a substantial indemnity
d. hold elections mandated by Europe
c. pay a substantial indemnity
In 1789, faced with fiscal collapse and governmental deadlock, Louis XVI resorted to which extraordinary measure not taken since 1614?
a. imposing additional taxation upon the middle class
b. abdicating the throne
c. summoning the Estates-General into session
d. negotiating peace with Austria and Britain
c. summoning the Estates-General into session
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen is most significant because it:
a. abolished monarchy and created a republic
b. alienated peasants from the National Assembly
c. caused the royal family and nobles to flee immediately
d. proclaimed legal equality of citizens
d. proclaimed legal equality of citizens
Napoleon’s empire began to weaken seriously during the Peninsular War fought in:
a. Prussia
b. Spain
c. Russia
d. the Netherlands
b. Spain
Napoleon died in exile in 1821 on the island of:
a. Elba
b. Corsica
c. St. Helena
d. Versailles
c. St. Helena
Name the leader of the Committee of Public Safety who became the central figure of the radical Jacobin phase of the Revolution and oversaw the Reign of Terror.
Maximilien Robespierre
One of the National Assembly’s earliest transformative acts was to:
a. dismantle feudal privilege and the institutions of the Ancien Régime
b. declare war simultaneously on Britain, Prussia, and Austria
c. sentence the king and queen to death
d. expand clerical authority over education
a. dismantle feudal privilege and the institutions of the Ancien Régime
Why did many French citizens initially accept Napoleon as sole ruler?
a. he had British backing
b. he promised full republican democracy
c. he ruled only through terror
d. he promised stability after years of disorder
d. he promised stability after years of disorder
Which policy of the Revolutionary government alienated many rural peasants?
a. abolition of feudal dues
b. abolition of monarchy
c. attacks on the Roman Catholic Church
d. outlawing the Jacobins
c. attacks on the Roman Catholic Church
Identify the final Bourbon monarch of France prior to the outbreak of the French Revolution, remembered for political indecision and failure to grasp the kingdom’s escalating crisis.
Louis XVI
Name the former ally of Robespierre whose execution strengthened Robespierre’s dominance and left him temporarily the uncontested leader of revolutionary France.
Georges Danton
Why did revolutionary radicals initiate the Reign of Terror in 1793?
a. to eliminate Austrian espionage networks exclusively
b. to restore support for the king
c. to destroy real and perceived enemies of the Revolution through executions
d. to celebrate reforms through symbolic rhetoric
c. to destroy real and perceived enemies of the Revolution through executions
Of Napoleon’s continental adversaries, which state proved most consistently hostile, repeatedly rejoining coalitions against him?
a. Russia
b. Spain
c. Prussia
d. Austria
d. Austria
After rebuilding his forces following the Russian disaster, Napoleon suffered a major defeat at the “Battle of the Nations” at:
a. Austerlitz
b. Borodino
c. Trafalgar
d. Leipzig
d. Leipzig
Name the Austrian statesman who emerged as the leading figure at the Congress of Vienna and whose conservative diplomatic vision shaped post-Napoleonic Europe.
Klemens von Metternich
When Louis XVI attempted to suppress the Estates-General, members of the Third Estate assembled and pledged not to separate until they had created a constitution. What was this event called?
Tennis Court Oath
How did Napoleon Bonaparte first win the confidence of the Directory?
a. by suppressing uprisings in Paris with artillery
b. by conquering Egypt and immediately becoming ruler
c. by making peace with Austria and being crowned emperor
d. by succeeding in Russia
a. by suppressing uprisings in Paris with artillery
Why did Napoleon’s invasion of Russia in 1812 end disastrously?
a. he never reached Moscow
b. rainfall alone halted the campaign
c. Moscow was burned, and catastrophic winter retreat losses followed
d. the British navy destroyed his supply fleet
c. Moscow was burned, and catastrophic winter retreat losses followed
At the Congress of Vienna, the “principle of legitimacy” referred to the belief that:
a. traditional monarchies should be restored to their thrones
b. monarchs must be elected democratically
c. France must first pay reparations
d. only balanced powers create lawful governments
a. traditional monarchies should be restored to their thrones
Identify the major battle in which Napoleonic France fought combined British and Ottoman Turkish forces during the Egyptian campaign.
Battle of the Pyramids/Egypt Expedition
Those who seek to reverse reforms and restore older political and social systems are known as:
a. Liberals
b. Reactionaries
c. Conservatives
d. Radicals
b. Reactionaries