Cell Structure & Function
What are the 3 principles of the cell theory?
Cells are the basic unit of living things. Cells perform all the functions of living things. Cells come from preexisting cells.
What is energy?
Energy is the ability to do work.
Give 2 reasons cells can’t survive at a large size.
The DNA would be overloaded providing instructions for proteins. The cell would also not be able to efficiently exchange materials.
What is the definition of heredity? How does it compare to the definition of genetics?
Heredity is the way organisms pass traits on to their offspring. Genetics is a science that studies the heredity of traits in populations.
A nucleotide consists of 3 parts. Name them.
A sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogen base.
Name 2 structures that are common to both prokaryotes & eukaryotes.
Cell membranes & DNA
Describe the structure of an ATP molecule.
ATP is comprised of three parts- adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate groups.
How does the length of interphase compare to mitosis?
Interphase is much longer than mitosis. It accounts for about 90% of the cell cycle.
List and describe Mendel’s 3 principles.
Principle of Dominance- some alleles are dominant and some are recessive; Principle of Segregation- alleles separate during meiosis; Principle of Independent Assortment- genes for different traits are passed down independently from each other
What is the purpose of histones?
Histones allow long strands of DNA to be wrapped and organized into chromosomes without tangling.
List 3 differences between plant cells and animal cells.
Plant cells have one large central vacuole, while animal cells have several smaller vacuoles. Plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts while animal cells do not.
How do autotrophs get energy? How do heterotrophs get energy?
Autotrophs get energy from the sun. Heterotrophs get energy by eating other organisms.
Why do cells need to duplicate their chromosomes before mitosis?
Duplicating chromosomes allows each new cell to have a full set of genetic material.
Compare the terms genotype and phenotype.
Genotype is a combination of letters that represents the inherited alleles. They are not able to be seen, but the phenotype (making up the physical characteristics) is.
Explain why DNA replication is considered semi-conservative.
One of the strands is “conserved” and used as a template to create another new strand.
Name 3 organelles that are involved in the building and transporting of proteins.
Ribosomes, rough ER, Golgi apparatus
Write the equation for photosynthesis using both words and molecules.
CO2 + H2O + Sunlight (light energy) -> O2 + Glucose
Name the 3 stages of interphase and something that occurs in each stage.
G1- cell grows and duplicates organelles, S- cell copies chromosomes, G2- cell grows and checks duplicated chromosomes
You just drew the ace of spades from a deck of cards. If you didn’t put the card back in, what is the chance of drawing an ace again?
Reminder: a deck of cards has 52 cards in it.
3 aces/51 cards = 3/51
How did Franklin, Watson, & Crick contribute to the structure of DNA?
Franklin determined that DNA was helical and Watson & Crick made the final double helix model with bases on the inside.
What are the 4 major molecules that make up the cell membrane?
Proteins, phospholipids, carbohydrates, cholesterol
What are the two types of fermentation processes? What does each produce?
Alcoholic fermentation – ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide, lactic acid fermentation- lactic acid
Name the phases of mitosis in order.
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
What are polygenic traits?
Polygenic traits are caused by more than 1 gene interacting.
When cells copy their DNA before division, this process is called ______________. Where in the cell does it occur?
DNA replication. Occurs in the nucleus.