Earth's Layers
Name the four chemical layers of Earth from the outside in.
A) Crust, Mantle, Inner Core, Outer Core
B) Crust, Mantle, Outer Core, Inner Core
C) Lithosphere, Asthenosphere, Mesosphere, Core
D) Sial, Sima, Mantle, Core
B) Crust, Mantle, Outer Core, Inner Core
This theory suggests the lithosphere is broken into pieces that move relative to each other.
A) Continental Drift
B) Seafloor Spreading
C) Plate Tectonics
D) Isostasy
C) Plate Tectonics
Approximately how many billions of years ago did our solar system differentiate?
A) 1.5 billion
B) 3.2 billion
C) 4.6 billion
D) 10.0 billion
C) 4.6 billion
These types of waves are used to study the properties of Earth's interior.
A) Light waves
B) Sound waves
C) Seismic waves
D) Radio waves
C) Seismic waves
This type of energy transfer involves currents within the mantle and crust.
A) Conduction
B) Radiation
C) Convection
D) Insulation
C) Convection
This occurs to a species when environmental changes happen and the organisms lack the traits necessary to survive.
A) Evolution
B) Adaptation
C) Extinction
D) Speciation
C) Extinction
This documents the variation in a species that may have resulted from changes in the environment over time.
A) Genetic code
B) The fossil record
C) Family trees
D) Population surveys
B) The fossil record
Diversity within a species often results from this type of reproduction.
A) Asexual reproduction
B) Sexual reproduction
C) Binary fission
D) Budding
B) Sexual reproduction
This type of magnet is created when an electric current flows through a wire coiled around a core.
A) Permanent magnet
B) Electromagnet
C) Natural magnet
D) Bar magnet
B) Electromagnet
The motion of an object is always measured with respect to what?
A) Its speed
B) Its mass
C) A reference point
D) Gravity
C) A reference point
Imagine two planets in space. Which of the following changes would result in the strongest gravitational pull between them?
A) Moving the two planets farther apart.
B) Decreasing the mass of both planets.
C) Moving the two planets closer together.
D) Replacing one planet with a much smaller moon.
C) Moving the two planets closer together.
These two physical layers make up the "mantle."
A) Crust and Lithosphere
B) Lithosphere and Asthenosphere
C) Outer Core and Inner Core
D) Troposphere and Stratosphere
B) Lithosphere and Asthenosphere
This process at the mid-ocean ridge adds new material to the ocean floor.
A) Subduction
B) Seafloor Spreading
C) Erosion
D) Continental Drift
B) Seafloor Spreading
Name one of the three main sources of heat in Earth's interior.
A) Primordial heat
B) Solar energy
C) Volcanic eruptions
D) Ocean currents
A) Primordial Heat
$200: When seismic waves hit a new layer, they can do these two things (similar to light).
A) Evaporate and Condense
B) Refraction and Reflection
C) Dissolve and Freeze
D) Speed up and Slow down
B) Refraction and Reflection
Name one of the three main sources of heat in Earth's interior.
A) Primordial heat
B) Solar energy
C) Volcanic eruptions
D) Ocean currents
A) Primordial heat
Approximately what percentage of all species that have ever lived on Earth are now extinct?
A) 10 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 99 percent
D) 25 percent
C) 99 percent
Organisms that serve as intermediate links between ancestral forms and their descendants are called what?
A) Missing links
B) Transitional forms
C) Genetic hybrids
D) Primary ancestors
B) Transitional forms
The variations that exist in organisms can accumulate over many __________.
A) Years
B) Days
C) Generations
D) Months
C) Generations
What happens to a temporary magnet when the electric current is turned off?
A) It becomes stronger
B) It changes polarity
C) It loses its magnetism
D) It becomes a permanent magnet
C) It loses its magnetism
This is the term for the sum of all forces acting on an object.
A) Gross force
B) Net force
C) Balanced force
D) Kinetic force
B) Net force
What is the dropping off of weathered rock at the end of erosion?
A) Weathering
B) Erosion
C) Deposition
D) Lithification
C) Deposition
The core is physically divided into these two distinct layers.
A) Upper and Lower Core
B) Solid and Liquid Mantle
C) Outer and Inner Core
D) Chemical and Physical Core
C) Outer and Inner Core
Name two types of evidence used to support the theory of plate tectonics.
A) Cloud patterns and wind speed
B) Fossil distribution and paleomagnetism
C) Ocean tides and lunar phases
D) Human history and population density
B) Fossil distribution and paleomagnetism
What is the breaking down of rocks?
a)Weathering
b)Erosion
c)Deposition
d)Lithification
a)weathering
Refraction and reflection of waves are used to identify the different _______ layers.
A) Chemical
B) Physical
C) Atmospheric
D) Biological
B) Physical
Convection currents in this specific physical layer cause movement in the lithosphere.
A) Inner Core
B) Asthenosphere
C) Mesosphere
D) Crust
B) Asthenosphere
Which factor determines how beneficial a specific trait will be for an organism’s survival?
A) The organism's size
B) The environment
C) The organism's age
D) The population density
B) The environment
Earth’s living history can be interpreted by combining data from the fossil record and this other record.
A) Historic record
B) Climate record
C) Geologic record
D) Archaeological record
C) Geologic record
The sorting and combination of these results in different genetic combinations in offspring.
A) Cells
B) Genes
C) Proteins
D) Atoms
B) Genes
Which of the following can be used to demonstrate the properties of magnetic fields?
A) A wooden block
B) Building an electromagnet
C) Measuring temperature
D) Using a flashlight
B) Building an electromagnet
If the forces acting on an object are equal in strength and opposite in direction, they are called what?
A) Unbalanced forces
B) Balanced forces
C) Net forces
D) Friction forces
B) Balanced forces
If a scientist is studying a series of undisturbed sedimentary rock layers, in which layer would they expect to find the oldest fossils?
A) In the very top layer, because it is closest to the surface.
B) In the middle layers, where most fossils are usually concentrated.
C) In the bottom layer, because it was deposited first.
D) In any layer, because fossils are distributed randomly throughout the earth.
C) In the bottom layer, because it was deposited first.
Earth's layers are differentiated by these two types of properties.
A) Color and Size
B) Temperature and Age
C) Chemical and Physical
D) Magnetic and Electrical
C) Chemical and Physical
Tectonic plates move with the molten rock and _____ beneath them.
A) Water
B) Magma
C) Ice
D) Air
B) Magma
Planets formed as heavier elements ________ in their centers.
A) Evaporated
B) Coalesced
C) Dissolved
D) Exploded
B) Coalesced - settling
These "curves" are important tools for studying the interior.
A) Bell curves
B) Travel time curves
C) Growth curves
D) S-curves
B) Travel time curves
This specific source of heat comes from the decay of certain elements.
A) Friction
B) Primordial heat
C) Radioactive decay
D) Chemical reactions
C) Radioactive decay
Diversity in a species increases the likelihood that at least some individuals will have traits suitable to survive under these conditions.
A) Constant climates
B) Stable ecosystems
C) Changing environments
D) Controlled habitats
C) Changing environments
Scientists use the geologic and fossil record to infer what a specific ______ was like at the time of deposition.
A) Organism
B) Environment
C) Tectonic plate
D) Predator
B) Environment
Sexual reproduction results in offspring that are ______ to, yet different from, their parents.
A) Identical
B) Similar
C) Unrelated
D) Larger
B) Similar
According to the standards, magnetic poles are often confused with which other scientific concept?
A) Gravity
B) Friction
C) Electric charges
D) Mass
C) Electric charges
These two specific forces act in a direction opposite to the relative motion of objects.
A) Gravity and Magnetism
B) Push and Pull
C) Kinetic friction and Drag
D) Acceleration and Velocity
C) Kinetic friction and Drag
Describe 2 Pieces of Evidence that support the theory that Tectonic plates move
Fossil Distribution: Identical plant and animal fossils (like the Mesosaurus) have been found on separate continents that are now thousands of miles apart, suggesting those continents were once joined.
Continental Fit: The coastlines of several continents, most notably South America and Africa, appear to fit together like giant puzzle pieces.
Paleomagnetism: As magma cools at mid-ocean ridges, magnetic minerals align with Earth's magnetic field. Since the magnetic poles flip periodically, this creates "stripes" of alternating magnetic polarity on the seafloor, proving that the plates are moving away from each other.
Seafloor Spreading: New material is constantly being added to the ocean floor at mid-ocean ridges, pushing the older crust outward.
Geologic Features: Matching mountain ranges and rock types are found on different continents (e.g., the Appalachian Mountains in North America align with mountains in Scotland and Scandinavia).
Physical layers are defined by composition, density, and these two other factors.
A) Mass and Volume
B) Temperature and Pressure
C) Height and Width
D) Magnetism and Gravity
B) Temperature and Pressure
This historical data involving Earth's magnetic field helps prove plate movement.
A) Gravity anomalies
B) Paleomagnetism
C) Solar flares
D) Magnetic North shifting
B) Paleomagnetism
A scientist is studying a mountain range and notices that the jagged, sharp peaks have become rounded and much shorter over millions of years. Which statement best explains the interaction of Earth's processes that caused this change?
A) Weathering broke the rock into smaller pieces, which were then transported away by erosion, resulting in a gradual decrease in mountain height.
B) Deposition added new layers of sediment to the base of the mountain, causing the peaks to appear shorter and more rounded relative to the valley.
C) Tectonic plate movement at a convergent boundary pushed the mountains downward, while weathering smoothed the surface of the rocks.
D) Erosion from high-speed winds created new rock formations at the peaks, which protected the mountain from further weathering.
A) Weathering broke the rock into smaller pieces, which were then transported away by erosion, resulting in a gradual decrease in mountain height.
Scientists study the core without "seeing" it using these four types of displays.
A) Seismic data, graphics, charts, and digital displays
B) Telescopes, microscopes, cameras, and mirrors
C) Thermometers, barometers, wind vanes, and rain gauges
D) Maps, globes, compasses, and GPS
A) Seismic data, graphics, charts, and digital displays
This "primordial" heat source is a remnant of _______.
A) The last ice age
B) The planet's initial formation
C) Recent volcanic activity
D) Ongoing radioactive decay
B) The planet's initial formation
If a sudden environmental change occurs, which of the following populations has the HIGHEST probability of having individuals survive to reproduce?
A) A small population with very similar genetic traits.
B) A large population where all individuals have the same food source.
C) A population with high genetic diversity and many variations.
D) A population that has lived in a stable environment for thousands of years.
C) A population with high genetic diversity and many variations.
Evidence from the fossil record is used to further develop the concepts of biodiversity, extinction, and what else?
A) Photosynthesis
B) Diversity of species
C) Plate tectonics
D) Cellular respiration
B) Diversity of species
Which statement best describes the primary genetic advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?
A) It allows for much faster population growth in stable environments.
B) It ensures that offspring are identical clones of the parent organism.
C) It results in genetic variation, increasing the chance of species survival during environmental changes.
D) It requires less energy because only one parent is needed to produce offspring.
C) It results in genetic variation, increasing the chance of species survival during environmental changes.
Which of the following changes would result in the strongest electromagnet?
A) Decreasing the number of coils and using a wooden core.
B) Increasing the number of coils and removing the battery.
C) Increasing the number of coils and increasing the electric current.
D) Decreasing the current and using a thicker plastic core.
C) Increasing the number of coils and increasing the electric current.
What will happen to an object in motion if the net force acting on it is zero?
A) It will immediately stop.
B) It will speed up.
C) It will maintain its current motion (speed and direction).
D) It will change direction.
C) It will maintain its current motion (speed and direction).
A scientist discovers a fossil of a bird-like creature in a rock layer that is 150 million years old. This fossil has feathers like a modern bird but also has a long bony tail and teeth like a dinosaur. How should the scientist use the fossil record to interpret this discovery?
A) Use the fossil as evidence that dinosaurs and birds lived in the same environment but are completely unrelated species.
B) Classify the fossil as a "transitional form" to show a biological link between ancestral reptiles and modern-day birds.
C) Conclude that the fossil is an outlier because the geologic record shows that all dinosaurs became extinct before birds appeared.
D) Use the fossil to prove that environmental changes have no impact on the physical variations of a species over time.
B) Classify the fossil as a "transitional form" to show a biological link between ancestral reptiles and modern-day birds.