Classical Conditioning
This psychologist is most associated with classical conditioning.
Ivan Pavlov
Results from the individual’s actions and the consequences they cause
Operant Conditioning
Reward after a set amount of time.
Fixed Interval
Doing something because it is enjoyable.
Intrinsic Motivation
A teen loses phone privileges for missing curfew.
Negative Punishment
A stimulus that naturally causes a response.
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
Adding something pleasant to increase behavior.
Positive Reinforcement
Reward after a set number of responses.
Fixed Ratio
Being paid for something you already enjoy may reduce this type of motivation.
Intrinsic Motivation
Every time a student finishes homework, her parents give her extra gaming time. She begins completing homework more often. This is an example of:
Positive Reinforcement
The learned response to a conditioned stimulus.
Conditioned Response (CR)
Removing something pleasant to decrease behavior.
Negative Punishment
Reward after unpredictable amounts of time.
Variable Interval
Believing your actions do not matter and giving up trying.
Learned Helplessness
Fear disappears after repeated safe experiences.
Extinction
A basketball coach stops praising hustle plays, and players gradually stop hustling. This is:
Extinction
Rewarding closer and closer steps toward a behavior.
Shaping
A person earns a free coffee after every 10 purchases. This is a:
Fixed ratio
Explanation: Reward comes after a set number of responses.
A rat explores a maze for several days without any reward. Later, food is placed at the end of the maze, and the rat quickly runs straight to the food. This best demonstrates:
Latent learning
A child was bitten by one small dog and he later became afraid of all dogs. This is:
Generalization
Responding similarly to related stimuli.
Generalization
This psychologist is most associated with operant conditioning.
B. F. Skinner
A worker checks their email constantly because new messages can arrive at any moment. Which reinforcement schedule best matches?
Variable interval
Explanation: Reinforcement comes after unpredictable time intervals.
A student fails several math tests and begins saying, “There’s no point trying anymore.” This is:
Learned helplessness
Explanation: Repeated failure causes the student to give up.
A child watches an older sibling tie their shoes and then copies the method. This is:
Observational learning
Explanation: Learning occurred by watching another person.