ABO DISCREPANCIES
This rule states individuals produce antibodies against antigens they lack.
What is Landsteiner’s Rule?
An Rh-negative mother delivers an Rh-positive baby and did not receive RhIG. At her next pregnancy, anti-D is detected.
What is Rh sensitization leading to HDFN risk?
This test detects antibodies attached to RBCs in the body.
What is the Direct Antiglobulin Test (DAT)?
This is the first step when analyzing a panel.
What is identifying the reaction pattern?
A patient develops fever and chills during transfusion but no hemolysis.
What is febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction?
A patient with no antibody history has a negative screen and compatible immediate spin crossmatch.
What is eligible for transfusion using electronic or IS crossmatch?
A patient’s serum contains an autoantibody masking underlying alloantibodies.
What is need for adsorption?
A 72-year-old patient’s forward typing is AB, but reverse typing shows no agglutination.
What is missing antibodies due to age
A patient types as Rh-positive but develops anti-D after transfusion.
What is Partial D phenotype?
An antibody screen is negative, but crossmatch is incompatible at AHG phase.
What is an antibody to a low-frequency antigen?
This phenomenon causes stronger reactions with homozygous antigen expression.
What is dosage?
A patient develops acute respiratory distress and pulmonary edema after transfusion without fluid overload.
What is TRALI?
A patient has a positive antibody screen.
What is the need for antibody identification?
A patient has a positive DAT and you need to identify the bound antibody.
What is elution?
A patient shows agglutination in all reverse typing cells, and the plasma appears cloudy.
What is rouleaux?
A newborn has a positive DAT, elevated bilirubin, and maternal anti-D is present
What is HDFN due to Rh incompatibility?
All AHG tests are negative until check cells are added, and no agglutination occurs.
What is an invalid test due to inactive AHG reagent or poor washing?
Enzymes enhance this group of antibodies.
What are Rh and Kidd antibodies?
A patient develops hypertension, dyspnea, and fluid overload after rapid transfusion.
What is TACO?
A trauma patient needs blood immediately with no time for testing.
What is emergency release O negative blood?
A patient requires antigen-negative blood for transfusion.
What is phenotyping?
A patient types as A in forward typing but reacts with A₁ cells in reverse typing.
What is an A₂ individual with anti-A₁?
A newborn has severe anemia and maternal anti-K is detected.
What is Kell-mediated HDFN?
A patient has a positive DAT and recently received a transfusion.
What is a transfusion reaction?
A panel shows inconsistent reaction strengths. This suggests____
What is multiple antibody specificity?
A patient experiences fever, back pain, and hemoglobinuria shortly after transfusion.
What is acute hemolytic transfusion reaction?
A crossmatch is incompatible at AHG phase but compatible at IS.
What is presence of clinically significant IgG antibody?
A recently transfused patient has multiple antibodies making identification difficult.
What is alloadsorption technique?
A patient’s ABO typing shows unexpected reactions at room temperature that disappear after warming.
What is cold autoantibody interference (Group IV discrepancy)?
A fetus requires intrauterine transfusion due to severe anemia.
What is advanced HDFN management?
A patient’s serum reacts at AHG phase only and not at immediate spin.
What is an IgG antibody?
An antibody is weak, disappears over time, and later causes a transfusion reaction.
What is a Kidd antibody?
A patient presents days after transfusion with falling hemoglobin and positive DAT.
What is delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction?
A patient has multiple antibodies and requires specially matched blood.
What is antigen-negative unit selection?
The Donath-Landsteiner test detects this form of cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
What is Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria (PCH)?