Foundations of sociology
This perspective emphasizes ideas, beliefs, and values as the driving force of society
What is idealism?
Numerical data that can be measured and statistically analyzed
What is quantitative data?
A social position earned through individual effort.
What is achieved status?
The idea that race is created and defined by society, not biology.
What is a social construct?
Unintended and unrecognized consequences of social institutions.
What is a latent function?
This perspective focuses on material conditions like the economy and technology shaping society
What is materialism?
Descriptive, non-numerical data often gathered through interviews or observation.
What is quantitative data?
A social position assigned at birth.
What is ascribed status?
A historical rule stating that any African ancestry classified a person as Black
What is the one-drop rule?
Intended and openly recognized consequences of social institutions.
What is a manifest function?
The ability of individuals to act independently and make their own choices.
What is agency?
A research method involving systematic analysis of media, texts, or documents
What is content analysis?
Expected behaviors attached to a particular status.
What is a social role?
Prejudices or stereotypes that operate unconsciously.
What is implicit bias?
Informal lessons schools teach about norms, values, and behavior.
What is the hidden curriculum?
The organized patterns of social relationships and institutions in society are known as this.
What is structure?
Research method where the sociologist actively participates in a social group they are studying.
What is participant observation
Tension that occurs when expectations of multiple roles clash.
What is role conflict?
Systemic policies and practices that produce racial inequality.
What is institutional racism?
A type of state that provides extensive social services to ensure citizen well-being.
What is a welfare state?
Shared expectations or rules that guide behavior in society.
What are norms?
An in-depth study of a culture or social group, often using multiple methods
What is ethnography?
According to Mead, this represents the internalized expectations of society as a whole.
What is the generalized other?
Wealth, resources, or opportunities transferred across generations that help maintain inequality
What is social reproduction?
A system in which large numbers of people are imprisoned, disproportionately affecting communities of color.
What is mass incarceration