Denotative Meaning
What does the denotative meaning of a phraseological unit refer to?
Its referential, subject-matter content pointing to real objects or phenomena
Which layers does connotative meaning in phraseology encompass?
Evaluative, emotive, expressive, and cultural-associative components
What does the "inner form" (internal form) of a phraseological unit refer to?
The image or motivating picture underlying the unit's figurative meaning
How is the structural (grammatical) meaning of a PU expressed?
Through its syntactic pattern and morphological paradigm as a whole unit
What does the stylistic meaning of a phraseological unit indicate?
Its functional-stylistic sphere of use (colloquial, formal, literary, etc.)
Which PU has a fully opaque denotative meaning impossible to infer from its components?
Kick the bucket" (= to die)
What connotative evaluation does "bite the hand that feeds you" carry?
Negative — it criticises ingratitude
What does it mean that a PU has a LIVING inner form?
Speakers still perceive and interpret the underlying metaphor
What is it called when a PU functions grammatically as a single part of speech?
Morphological idiomaticity
To what is evaluative meaning in phraseology always related?
An axiological (value-based) judgment — positive, negative, or neutral
What term describes a unit whose denotative meaning is entirely independent of the literal senses of its components?
Semantic fusion (фразеологическое сращение)
Which component of connotative meaning reflects the speaker's emotional attitude: approval, indignation, affection?
The emotive component
Which degree of motivation corresponds to Vinogradov's "phraseological unities"?
Partial motivation — figurative overall, but components are traceable
What type of meaning distinguishes "kick the bucket" (VP) from "a pain in the neck" (NP)
Categorial-grammatical (part-of-speech) meaning
What evaluative meaning does the PU "golden boy" have?
Ameliorative — expressing praise and admiration
What phenomenon at the denotative level does "red tape" (= bureaucratic procedures) illustrate?
Metaphorical transference of denotation
What is the expressive component of connotative meaning responsible for?
Intensifying the utterance and making it more vivid and figurative
What does the concept of "de-motivation" in phraseology describe?
The historical loss of the inner form so the unit becomes opaque
What structural meaning do "by and large", "at a loss", and "in the long run" signal?
Adverbial function — modifier of manner, time, or degree
What is it called when a neutral PU is used ironically, reversing its evaluation?
Contextual (occasioned) re-evaluation / ironic reversal
How does the denotative meaning of a PU differ from that of a free word combination?
It is holistic, non-compositional, and fixed
In which type of PUs is cultural-national connotation especially prominent?
Idioms rooted in specific historical, national, or folklore traditions
What does etymological analysis of a PU primarily aim to restore?
The original inner form and motivating context
When is the structural meaning of a PU said to be FIXED?
When the syntactic pattern and word order cannot be changed without destroying the unit
How is the co-existence of denotative, connotative, motivational, structural, and evaluative meanings in a single PU described?
Multi-layered semantic structure of phraseological units