The Road to Official Bilingualism
This 1867 Act originally established Canada as a bilingual and bicultural country at Confederation
What is the BNA Act? (British North America Act)
These minority communities outside of Québec viewed the Official Languages Act as a positive step that legitimized their identity and citizenship.
Who are Francophones outside of Québec?
This term describes a language that few people speak, and that fewer people speak every single year
What is an endangered language?
In 1971, Canada made history by becoming the first country in the world to adopt this specific policy.
What is a policy of multiculturalism?
These specific sections of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms explicitly affirm Canada as an officially bilingual country.
What are Sections 16 to 20?
Established in response to Francophone dissatisfaction in the 1960s, this body held hearings from 1963 to 1971 and found that Francophones were not "equal partners" in Canada
What is the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism?
Some English-speaking Canadians opposed the act; one Western Canadian argued that the whole language issue could be settled easily if this was done in Québec schools
What is teaching children English?
These specific schools deliberately disrupted the connections of Indigenous students to their communities and cultures through a policy of assimilation
What are residential schools?
This prime minister decided to "patriate" Canada's constitution to renew the Confederation agreement amidst the growth of the Québec independence movement.
Who is Pierre Trudeau?
Section 23 of the Charter makes publicly funded education for official language minorities a constitutional right, provided the population is of this requirement.
What is "of sufficient size"?
Passed in 1969, this legislative act spelled out the duties of all federal institutions to provide services in both English and French
What is the Official Languages Act?
Many Francophones within this province feared official bilingualism would threaten their communities by forcing them to learn English.
What is Québec?
Many First Nations want recognition under the Official Languages Act in order to permanently secure this from the government.
What is language program funding?
"Patriating" the constitution meant bringing it under the authority of Canada's parliament, whereas before 1867 it had remained under this authority.
What is British authority?
Unlike immersion schools, these publicly funded schools do not teach French; they are French in language, culture, and identity.
What are Francophone schools?
This type of school, which Canada's government began supporting in 1985, teaches French to non-Francophones by immersing them in the language.
What is a French immersion school?
First Nations peoples rejected the idea of a bicultural partnership, submitting instead that Canada is actually this kind of country.
What is a tricultural country?
In 1964, Ukrainian-Canadian Senator Paul Yuzyk gave a speech calling non-French and non-British cultural groups by this collective name.
What is the "third force"? (or the third element)
This set of rules governing how federal and provincial governments would make future changes to the constitution was agreed upon by seven provinces, but excluded Québec
What is the amending formula?
Francophone parents used their constitutional rights to open Alberta’s very first Francophone school in this city in 1984.
What is Edmonton?
In Alberta, this exact percentage of students attend French immersion schools today.
What is about 20 percent?
The Canadian government specifically viewed the Official Languages Act as a way to affirm this for Francophones in Canadian society
What is their citizenship? (or that they "belonged")
Canadians of these two specific European descents publicly thought that the concept of biculturalism excluded too many people
What are Ukrainian and German descent?
This legislative act was passed by Canada's government in 1988 to affirm support for languages contributing to Canada's multicultural heritage.
What is the Multiculturalism Act?
These two sections of Canada's new constitution specifically affirm the rights of Canada's Indigenous peoples.
What are Sections 25 and 35?