Structure and Function of the cardio-respiratory system
1) Which chamber of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and which chamber pumps oxygenated blood to the body?
A. Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood; Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood.
B. Left atrium receives deoxygenated blood; Right ventricle pumps oxygenated blood.
C. Right ventricle receives oxygenated blood; Left atrium pumps deoxygenated blood.
D. Left ventricle receives deoxygenated blood; Right atrium pumps oxygenated blood.
A. Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood; Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood.
What are the four types of Bones?
Flat Bones - Protect Internal Organs
Long Bones - Support Weight and Facilitate Movement
Short Bones - enable fine controlled movement and provide stability
Irregular Bones - vary in shape and protect nervous tissue (the spinal cord).
What is a First class lever?
The fulcrum Lies in between the
effort and the load.
List as many Components of Fitness as you can. 1 minute
AGILITY
BALANCE
CARDIOVASCULAR ENDURANCE
(Aerobic power)
COORDINATION
FLEXIBILITY
MUSCULAR ENDURANCE
POWER/EXPLOSIVE STRENGTH
(Anaerobic power)
REACTION TIME
MAXIMAL STRENGTH
SPEED
STRENGTH
Define Fitness.
The ability to meet/cope with the demands of the environment
Name the three types of blood vessels
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
What is the main function of articular cartilage in a synovial joint?
A) To absorb shock and allow smooth movement between bones
B) To hold bones together while preventing excessive movement
C) To produce fluid that lubricates and protects the joint
D) To provide nutrients to the bones during movement
A) To absorb shock and allow smooth movement between bones
What is the adduction?
– movement towards the midline of the body.
What are the principles of training?
Specificity
Progressive
Overload
Reversibility
Tedium
During the cardiac cycle, what is meant by the term diastole?
A. When the heart contracts and forces blood out of the chambers
B. When the heart relaxes and the chambers fill with blood
C. When the valves close to prevent backflow of blood
D. When the atria contract but the ventricles remain relaxed
The relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle (heart fills with blood)
Which structural feature is essential for an artery to withstand the highest blood pressure and control blood flow distribution?
A. Valves located every few inches to prevent backflow.
B. Thin walls made of only one layer of cells.
C. Thick, muscular, and elastic walls.
D. A large internal diameter (lumen) which minimizes friction.
C. Thick, muscular, and elastic walls.
What is the function of the skeleton?
Most correct answers get the points
Support – Bones keep us upright and hold muscles and organs in place
Protection – Some bones surround and protect vital organs from damage. Example?
Movement – When bones meet they form joints, muscles pull on bones to provide movement.
Structural Shape and Points for Attachment – The skeleton gives us our general shape (height and build). The skeleton also provides anchorage points for muscles to attach to.
Mineral Storage – Bones store several minerals which can be released into the body when needed (calcium)
Blood-cell production – the bone marrow of the long bones and ribs produce red and white blood cells
True or False
Sagittal Plane: divides the body in half horizontally into top and bottom halves.
False
Sagittal Plane: runs forwards and backwards and divides the body into left and right halves.
How does the body adapt to training at altitude?
There is less oxygen so the body finds it harder to carry oxygen to the working muscles
So the body makes more red blood cells to carry the oxygen
What is an Isotonic contraction?
when the muscle changes length (shortens or lengthens) as it causes movement.
What is the Deoxygenated blood pathway?
Deoxygenated blood flows into the Right Atrium
Through the Vena Cavae
The blood is then pushed into the Right Ventricle
The blood is then pushed into the Pulmonary Artery
The blood is then transported to the lungs
Explain how antagonistic pairs work to produce movement at a joint. (3 marks)
1 mark — Identifies that antagonistic pairs are two muscles that work together, with one contracting while the other relaxes.
1 mark — States that the agonist (prime mover) contracts to create movement, while the antagonist relaxes to allow the movement.
1 mark — Gives a correct sporting or anatomical example, e.g. the biceps contract and the triceps relax to produce elbow flexion.
Give an example of a 2nd Class Lever.
plantar flexion at the ankle (pushing up on to your toes).
The heel is the fulcrum.
The gastrocnemius provides the effort.
Your body is the load.
What are the aims of training during each season?
Pre-season - General aerobic fitness, General strength and muscular endurance, Practising the skills and techniques
Competitive season - Maintaining their fitness levels, Optimising the skills, Practising set plays, Avoid overtraining
Post-season - Rest and recuperation, light aerobic training
Define the term ‘EPOC’.
Excess Post-exercise oxygen consumption is the amount of oxygen needed to recover after strenuous exercise.
Explain how the heart acts as a pump in double circulatory system. (3 marks)
- Blood enters the right atrium/ dark red in colour with little oxygen
- Right atrium pumps blood into the right ventricle
- Right ventricle pumps blood through the pulmonary artery into the lungs
-From the lungs to blood returns to the left atrium
- Left atrium pumps blood into the left ventricle
- Left ventricle pumps blood into the Aorta/ body.
Flat bones provide a protective function within the body.
Name two flat bones and, using a sporting action of your choice, suggest how these bones provide protection during performance.
Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of four marks
Award up to a maximum of two AO1 marks and up to a maximum of two AO2 marks.
• Cranium (1 × AO1)
• Provides protection for the brain whilst heading a football / equivalent (1 × AO2)
• Sternum (1 × AO1)
• Provides protection to the heart when controlling a football on the chest / equivalent (1 × AO2)
• Scapula (1 × AO1)
• Provides protection for the shoulder joint during contact when catching a netball (1 × AO2)
• Ribs (1 × AO1)
• Protect the lungs during any impact with a hockey ball / equivalent (1 × AO2)
Explain how planes and axes work together to allow movement during a footballer performing a side‑step. (3 marks)
1 mark — Identifies the plane of movement (frontal plane for a side‑step).
1 mark — Identifies the axis of movement (sagittal axis for a side‑step).
1 mark — Explains how the movement occurs, e.g. the footballer moves laterally at the hip in the frontal plane around the sagittal axis.
Justify why reaction time is important for a cricketer? (3 marks)
Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of three marks.
∙ The ball may be travelling fast so the batsman will need to react quickly to stimulus / ball and initiate a response, otherwise the ball will beat the bat (1)
∙ The ball may deviate / spin off the pitch so the batsman must react to any lateral movement quickly to avoid getting out (1)
∙ If catching a hard hit shot, a close fielder has to respond quickly to attempt to stop or catch the ball (1)
∙ A wicket keeper has to respond quickly to a nick off the bat to make a catch (1)
Define Health
A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.