Read the text and fill the gaps (1-10) with one of the following: article, preposition, conjunction or
relative pronoun. Insert only ONE word.
relative pronoun. Insert only ONE word.
What does the word ‘Renaissance’ mean and where does it come from? Renaissance is an Italian word ….. (1) means ‘rebirth’. Italian artists and thinkers of the 14th century believed ….. (2) they were reviving the values of the classical world of the ancient Greeks and Romans. They disliked the art and architecture, which had developed in the period called ‘the Middle Ages’. Three very creative people were at the heart ….. (3) this revival – the architect Brunelleschi, the painter Masaccio ….. (4) the sculptor Donatello – all of whom knew each other and were based in Florence. Renaissance artists were more fascinated ….. (5) individual human beings than by larger issues, like religion. This fascination led ….. (6) the study of anatomy and other scientific explorations. Over ….. (7) years, Renaissance thinking spread ….. (8) Florence to other cities of Italy such as Venice and Rome. At its high point between 1500 and the 1520s, known as the High Renaissance, artistic giants like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael were all working ….. (9) Rome at the same time. Leonardo da Vinci created many fascinating pieces of art, but two of his paintings are among the most famous. They are ‘The Last Supper’, a fresco style painting in one of ….. (10) churches in Milan and ‘The Mona Lisa’, a painting of a woman whose mysterious smile has charmed viewers for nearly 500 years.
1. that/which/and 2. that 3. of 4. and 5. by/with 6. to 7. the 8. from 9. in 10.the
Georgia is rich in archaeological discoveries, but one made several years ago is very special. It was the discovery …… (1) the oldest flax fibre* in the world. In one of …… (2) caves, named Dzudzuana cave, located near the town of Chiatura, …… (3) the Imereti region, archaeologists found the oldest colourful flax fibres on earth. Archaeologists digging in a cave came across the world’s oldest flax fibres which date back to about 36,000 years ago. The American weekly magazine Science reported: ‘The earliest dyed flax fibres …… (4) date back to about 36,000 years ago have been found in a prehistoric cave in the Republic of Georgia.’ This discovery made archaeologists conclude …… (5) the earliest clothing, which …… (6) prehistoric human could have worn, was probably made in Georgia several centuries after the first flax fibre had been created. Then, at some point, people learned to make clothes from plant fibres. The first clothes were probably made …… (7) animal skin. But when did it happen? When did people start to make the first clothes? It is very difficult to give a concrete answer to this question …… (8) clothes are rarely found …… (9) archaeological sites. But the recent discovery of the oldest flax fibre, which was found in a cave ….. (10) west Georgia, suggests …… (11) the skill of cloth-making was acquired more than 30,000 years ago. According to leading historians …... (12) researchers, warm clothes may have helped our ancestors survive the last ice age.
1.of/about 2.the 3.in 4. which/that 5.that 6.a/the 7.of/from/with 8.as/because /since/for 9. at/on/in 10.in/of 11.that 12. and
Like many other holidays, Halloween has developed and changed throughout history. Over 2,000 years ago the people who were then called the Celts lived on the present-day territory of Ireland and Northern France. 1 st of November was their New Year’s Day. The Celts believed that the night before their New Year, which was on 31st of October, was a time…… (1) the dead and the alive came together. More than …… (2) thousand years ago the Christian church named November the 1st All Saints Day. This was a special holy day to honour saints and other people, who died for Christianity. The night before All Hallows, which means the same as All Saints, was called Hallows Eve. Later the name was changed to Halloween. Like the Celts, the Europeans of that time also believed that the spirits ..... (3) the dead would visit Earth on Halloween. They worried that evil spirits would cause problems …… (4) hurt them. Thus, on that night people wore costumes to look like ghosts or other evil creatures. They thought that …… (5) they dressed like that, the spirits would think they were also dead and would not harm them. The tradition of Halloween was carried to America …… (6) European immigrants. Some of …… (7) traditions changed a little, though. For example, on Halloween in Europe some people would carry lanterns made…… (8) turnips*. In America, pumpkins were more common. These days Halloween is a fun day for children. Children dress up …… (9) costumes like people did a thousand years ago and go from house…… (10) house. They knock on doors and say ‘trick or treat’. The owner of each house gives candy or something special to each trick-or-treater.
1. when 2. a 3. of 4. and/or 5. if/when/once 6. by 7. the 8. from/of 9. in 10. to
If we think of jobs robots cannot do, among the first that will probably come to our minds are the jobs of doctors and teachers. It’s easy to imagine robot cleaners and factory workers, but some jobs need human participation ….. (1) creativity. Anthony Seldon, ….. (2) is a British education expert, believes there could be a place for robots in education. Seldon thinks robots will do the main job of transferring information and teachers will be like assistants. Intelligent robots ….. (3) will read students’ faces, their movements and even brain signals, will send the information to each student. However, it’s not ….. (4) popular opinion. I is unlikely that robots will ever have the ability to really compete ….. (5) humans. One thing is certain - a robot teacher is better than no teacher at all. In some parts ….. (6) the world, there aren’t enough teachers, and 9-16% of children under the age of 14 don’t go ….. (7) school. This problem could be partly solved by robots ….. (8) they can teach anywhere. The robots won’t have a wish to change their job for a better salary. Perhaps ….. (9) question is not ‘Will robots replace teachers?’ ….. (10) ‘How can robots help teachers?’. If robots can do some of the teachers’ tasks, for example, ….. (11) they can mark hometasks, teachers would have more time ….. (12) doing some other things.
1.and/or 2.who 3.which/that 4.a 5.with/against 6.of 7.to 8.because/as/since/for 9.the 10.but 11.if 12.for
Many people catch a cold in the springtime or autumn. It makes us wonder that if scientists can send a man to ..… (1) moon, why they can’t find a cure for the common cold. The answer is easy. There are literally hundreds of types ….. (2) cold viruses out there. You never know which one you will get, so there isn’t a medical treatment for each one. ..... (3) a virus attacks your body, your body works hard to get rid of it. Blood rushes to your nose and brings congestion. You feel terrible ..... (4) you can’t breathe well, but your body is actually ‘eating’ the virus. Your temperature rises and you get a fever, but the heat of your body is killing the virus. You also have ..... (5) runny nose to stop the virus from getting to your cells. You may feel miserable but actually your wonderful body is doing everything to kill the virus. Different people have different habits for curing a cold. For example, ..... (6) the United States and some other countries people might eat chicken soup to feel better. Some people ..... (7) refuse to take medicine take hot baths and drink warm liquids. Other people take medicines to stop the fever. There is one interesting thing to note - some scientists say taking medicine when you have a cold is actually bad ..... (8) you. The virus stays in you longer because your body doesn’t have a way to kill it. Bodies can do an amazing job on their own. There is a joke, however, about taking medicine when you have a cold. It goes like this: It takes about one week to get over a cold if you don’t take medicine, ..... (9) it takes only seven days to recover ..... (10) a cold if you take medicine.
1. the 2. of 3. when/if /once/as/after/whenever 4. and/because /as/for 5. a 6. in 7. who/that 8. for 9. but/and/while/(al)though 10. from
A strange triangular area called the Bermuda Triangle covers a large part ….. (1) the Western Atlantic Ocean. It is an area of unexplained mystery. Over the past five centuries ….. (2) lot of ships, planes and people have disappeared ….. (3) this triangle area. Such mysterious events in ….. (4) Atlantic Ocean continue to take place even now. Many of the planes ….. (5) have disappeared had normal radio contact ….. (6) their airports until the very moment they disappeared. In most cases, after the disappearance of ships and planes there was no sign of anything. Warm ocean water, which flows from the Gulf of Mexico* ….. (7) Europe, is extremely fast. So, it is almost impossible to notice that something bad has happened in that part of the ocean. A lot of research and explorations have been carried out to solve the mystery. However, there is no single theory that can explain all the incidents of disappearances. The ships ….. (8) planes could have been victims of different tragic cases and things might have happened quickly. About 200 square miles ….. (9) water surrounding Bermuda is full of dangerous underwater reefs ….. (10) have often caused tragedies. The underwater reefs damage the ships that pass over them. Scientists have also found some unusual geological formations ….. (11) the seafloor in the Bermuda Triangle area. The ocean floor in some places is very deep and, in these areas, many ships have been lost. So, the majority of disappearances in the triangle are real and can be explained by ….. (12) area’s unique features.
1.of 2.a 3.in / around/within/into/from/inside 4.the 5.which/that 6.with/to 7.to/toward(s) 8.and/or 9.of 10.which/that 11.on/at 12.the
The Metropolitan Museum of Art is located in New York City and is among the most visited art museums….. (1) the world. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which is also called the Met, is considered to be the largest art museum in the United States. It was founded in 1870 ….. (2) a group of American citizens – businessmen and financiers, as well as leading artists of the day who wanted to create a museum to bring art and education ….. (3) the American people. Although the collection of The Metropolitan Museum was quickly growing in the 19th century, the peak of its success was the 20th century ….. (4) the museum became one of the world’s greatest art centers. Today its permanent collection contains over two million works ….. (5) are divided among seventeen departments. The Department of Greek and Roman Art displays thousands of objects, including one of the finest collections in glass and silver in the world. The widest collection of American art, sculpture .... (6) decorative arts in the world is exhibited in the American section of the museum. The art collection displayed in ….. (7) Egyptian section is the finest outside Cairo, Egypt. The Metropolitan Museum continues to improve and reorganise the collections in its exhibition halls. It regularly hosts special exhibitions, each time focusing ….. (8) the works of a single artist whose works The Metropolitan Museum borrows ….. (9) other museums. These exhibitions ….. (10) are organised by the museum authorities attract a lot of visitors to The Metropolitan Museum.
1. in/of/around/throughout 2. by 3. to/for 4. when/and 5. which/that 6. and 7. the 8. on 9. from 10. which/that
If we think of jobs robots cannot do, among the first that will probably come to our minds are the jobs of doctors and teachers. It’s easy to imagine robot cleaners and factory workers, but some jobs need human participation ….. (1) creativity. Anthony Seldon, ….. (2) is a British education expert, believes there could be a place for robots in education. Seldon thinks robots will do the main job of transferring information and teachers will be like assistants. Intelligent robots ….. (3) will read students’ faces, their movements and even brain signals, will send the information to each student. However, it’s not ….. (4) popular opinion, and it is unlikely that robots will ever have the understanding and ability to really compete ….. (5) humans. One thing is certain - a robot teacher is better than no teacher at all. In some parts ….. (6) the world, there aren’t enough teachers, and 9-16% of children under the age of 14 don’t go ….. (7) school. This problem could be partly solved by robots ….. (8) they can teach anywhere. The robots won’t have a wish to change their job for a better salary. Perhaps ….. (9) question is not ‘Will robots replace teachers?’ ….. (10) ‘How can robots help teachers?’. If robots can do some of the teachers’ tasks, for example, ….. (11) they can mark hometasks, teachers would have more time ….. (12) doing some other things.
1.and/or 2.who 3.which/that 4.a 5.with/against 6.of 7.to 8.because/as /since/for 9.the 10.but 11.if 12.for
Water is very important because it is essential to life on earth. Water is one ….. (1) the most valuable resources. To put it simply, without water there would be no life. Water is especially valuable ….. (2) human health, medicine, agriculture ….. (3) industry. Unfortunately, many of us have forgotten this fact, and as ….. (4) result the world is facing the danger of running out of water. The actual amount of water ….. (5) earth has changed little since the time of the dinosaurs. But nowadays, as never before, there are lots of problems connected ….. (6) water. The problems have been caused by people ….. (7) do not use the water supply properly. This not only means that we have polluted our rivers and seas, ….. (8) it also means that we are wasting a great deal of this precious resource. Unfortunately, the destruction of the rainforests has made this problem even worse. Much of the rainwater is lost because it falls ….. (9) the sea. The population of the earth is increasing daily, so it is very important that we find a solution to this problem before it is too late. The first step is to educate people, especially by reminding them of ….. (10) value of water. For most of us, water is easy to get whenever we need it, whether we bathe in it ….. (11) drink it, so we seldom bother to think ….. (12) it. People then need to learn how to reuse bath or shower water for household cleaning or watering the garden. Special factories which clean used water are also becoming popular. Whatever methods we might decide to use, we must realise the importance of water and how we can preserve it.
1.of 2.for/to/in 3.and 4.a 5.on 6.with/to 7.who/that 8.but 9.into/in/on 10.the 11.or 12.about /of
A strange triangular area called the Bermuda Triangle covers a large part ….. (1) the Western Atlantic Ocean. It is an area of unexplained mystery. Over the past five centuries ….. (2) lot of ships, planes and people have disappeared ….. (3) this triangle area. Such mysterious events in ….. (4) Atlantic Ocean continue to take place even now. Many of the planes ….. (5) have disappeared had normal radio contact ….. (6) their airports until the very moment they disappeared. In most cases, after the disappearance of ships and planes there was no sign of anything. Warm ocean water, which flows from the Gulf of Mexico* ….. (7) Europe, is extremely fast. So, it is almost impossible to notice that something bad has happened in that part of the ocean. A lot of research and explorations have been carried out to solve the mystery. However, there is no single theory that can explain all the incidents of disappearances. The ships ….. (8) planes could have been victims of different tragic cases and things might have happened quickly. About 200 square miles ….. (9) water surrounding Bermuda is full of dangerous underwater reefs ….. (10) have often caused tragedies. The underwater reefs damage the ships that pass over them. Scientists have also found some unusual geological formations ….. (11) the seafloor in the Bermuda Triangle area. The ocean floor in some places is very deep and, in these areas, many ships have been lost. So, the majority of disappearances in the triangle are real and can be explained by ….. (12) area’s unique features.
1.of 2.a 3.in / around/within/into/from/inside 4.the 5.which/that 6.with/to 7.to/toward(s) 8.and/or 9.of 10.which/that 11.on/at 12.the