DNA and Meiosis
List 3 ways DNA is different from RNA:
1. DNA is double stranded helix, RNA is single strand
2. DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose; RNA contains the sugar ribose
3. DNA contains the base Thymine (T), RNA contains the base Uracil (U)
4. DNA cannot leave the nucleus, RNA can.
WHERE does splicing occur and what is the name of the segments that contain instructions for proteins?
exons are expressed; introns stay INSIDE the nucleus and are not translated in the cytoplasm.
multiple alleles
evolution is defined as:
change in the GENE pool of a POPULATION
The process in CO2 is absorbed from the air by producers is called _______.
photosynthesis
What is the name of the enzyme that adds new DNA bases to each parent strand?
DNA polymerase (III)
DNA polymerase (I) proofreads and removes RNA primers
Process of protein synthesis that occurs in the cytoplasm
translation
A man is a carrier for cystic fibrosis, an autosomal recessive condition that causes thicken mucus in the lungs and other organs. His wife does not have the condition, and none of their 5 children have the condition. What is the wife's most likely genotype?
FF (she gives each child one dominant F, preventing them from having the condition; condition is recessive so you need ff to get it)
Which of the following would contain the least number of organisms?
a. class
b. family
c. kingdom
e. phylum
family
K
P
C
O
F
G
S
Organism X eats a herbivore. Which trophic level is this organism?
Secondary consumer
herbivore eats plants: plant (producer) --> herbivore (primary consumer) --> Organism X (secondary consumer)
Fill in the blank: the starting cells that begins meiosis is a ______ cell and gets its number of chromosomes reduced by half by the end of meiosis, becoming haploid.
Diploid cell
What are two point mutations that can cause a frameshift mutation?
Insertion and deletion
point mutation = change at single point
X X
X XX XX
Y XY XY
1/2 for a boy:
1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/16!
Stablizing selection occurs when:
a. the extreme phenotypes have the lowest fitness
b. average phenotypes have the highest fitness
c. one of the extreme phenotypes has the highest fitness
d. both extreme phenotypes have high fitness and average phenotypes have the lowest fitness
B - average/middle phenotype is advantageous
Provide 3 ways in which humans decrease biodiversity:
3 of any of the following:
Climate change (you use chatgpt to write a whole essay for you, wasting water and electricity, releasing CO2 emissions)
Habitat destruction (we clear forest for land to build data centers)
Invasive species (humans release pets into new areas and they take over)
Pollution (you buy fast fashion and the dyes used color the clothes get drained into the environment)
Population (more people = more resources, more trash produced, more energy needed daily)
Overharvesting (overfishing, wildlife trade, excessive hunting of animals, etc)
What is the name of the proteins that stabilizes the replication fork, preventing the parent strands from bonding back together.
SSPB: single strand binding protein
DNA is changed from AAC to AAG. This is a _______ mutation:
DNA: AAC --> AAG
mRNA: UUG --> UUC
Amino acid: leu --> phe
Misense mutation!
This trait is controlled by one gene. This gene has two alleles: A and a. However, there are 3 different phenotypes. What pattern of inheritance is this?
Can be:
-co-dominance: example roan cows: RR, WW, and RW
-incomplete dominance: example hairy: CC (curly), SS (straight), CS (wavy)
form of speciation that arise from physical geographic separation.
allopatric speciation (or geographic isolation)
sympatric speciation: GMTBH
FILL IN THE BLANKS:
If there are 1.) ________ resources, a population will not reach carrying capacity. This is called 2.) _______ growth. (All answers must be right to earn credit)
1.) unlimited resources; 2.) exponential growth
How many hydrogen bonds form between A and T?
AT, 2
CG, 3!
What is the anti-codon for a tRNA carrying the start codon (met)?
codon: AUG = met (start)
anti-codon: UAC
Anti-codon is complementary to codon (both are RNA molecules)
1. multiple alleles. One gene but 3 DIFFERENT versions or alleles: A, B, o
2. these alleles show codominance, dominant, and recessive patterns of inheritance to give us four unique blood type.
North Amiercan Cicadas spend most of their live underground and only emerge as adult to reproduce. Magicicada tredecim emerges once every 13 years to mate while Magicicada septendecim emerges once every 17 years to mate. What type of speciation prevent them from interbreeding?
Gametic isolation (eggs and sperm cells have to match/fuse)
Mechanic isolation (different reproductive parts prevents mating)
Temporal isolation (different mating time/period prevents mating)
Behavior isolation (different mating behaviors like songs, dances, coloration, etc)
Habitat isolation speciation (live in the same area but prefer different location within the area).
Multiple species of Longwing butterflies (Heliconius) are all distasteful to predators and have evolved to share similar wing patterns in order to help predators learn a single warning pattern. What is this called?
Mullerian mimicry