Integumentary
R: Name three layers of the skin in order from superficial and deep and mention their tissue type.
Q: Which layer contains blood vessels.?
Epidermis: stratified squamous
Dermis: dense irregular CT
Hypodermis: adipose
**Dermis contains blood vessels.
R: List the path of urine from the glomerulus to where it is eliminated from the body.
Q: Where does filtration occur?
glomerulus, bowman's capsule, PCT, Loop of Henle, DCT, collecting duct, calyx, pelvis, ureter, bladder, out
Ans: bowman's capsule
Draw a anatomical diagram showing each level of organization, starting with the myofilaments and ending with the entire muscle.
Go over on board.
Classify the following as depressions, holes or projections and then come up with another example of each.
Greater tubercle
Foramen magnum
Glenoid fossa
projection - tubercle + student answer
hole - foramen magnum + student answer
depression - glenoid fossa + student answer
R: Name the five layers of the epidermis, in order from superficial to deep.
Q: Which layer is present only in thick skin?
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Basale
*Stratum lucidum is present only in thick skin.
Q: Sugar is found in the urine. Which step is there a problem with?
Filtration (nonselective small stuff), Reabsorption (water, glucose, aa, ions put back into the blood), Secretion (large wastes pumped into blood)
Answer: Reabsorption
Name the three types of levers and list what is in the center of the lever arm in each type. Then, model each type of lever with a body movement.
first - fulcrum in center
second - load in center
third - effort in center
Describe all the bones and key bone markings included in the shoulder joint.
Humeral head into glenoid fossa
Clavicle
Acromion process
Coracoid process
R: Draw a diagram of the human body and label the area percentages according to the rule of 9s.
Q: What would be the percent area burned in a victim with the front side only of both arms, the front torso and one entire leg (front and back) impacted.
Head: 9%
Arms: 18% (9% each)
Front torso: 9%
Front abdomen: 9%
Backside: 18%
Legs: 36% (18% each)
Genitals: 1%
A patient has high BP. List one way the kidney would compensate.
Excrete more water --> reduce BV --> reduce BP
Compare and contrast charge distribution across a muscle cell membrane when the cell is at rest vs when it is activated. Explain how the action potential is triggered.
RMP: More Na+ on outside than K+ inside (salty banana); relative interior charge = negative
AP: Charge difference across membrane reverses; relative interior charge = positive from sodium influx
AP is triggered by acetylcholine opening ion channels on the sarcolemma.
Draw the common structures among all vertebrae. Include the following structures in your diagram:
Vertebral foramen, body
Spinous processes, transverse processes
Lamina, pedicles
Go over on board
R: Name the three types of burns and which layers of the skin they impact.
Q: What is the most life threatening aspect a burn wound?
First: epidermis only
Second: blistering; epidermis and dermis
Third: all three layers; damages nerves as well
Answer: Dehydration
A patient has low BP. Name 2 ways the kidney brings pressure back up.
Renin --> vasoconstriction
Aldosterone (from adrenal gland) --> reabsorb more salt, water follows, increase in BV, increase in BP
Describe how the binding sites are unlocked in the muscle cell to initiate contraction.
AP stimulates release of Ca2+ from SR
Ca2+ binds to troponin and changes its configuration
Tropomyosin slides out of the way to reveal the binding sites
Crossbridge formation and cycling initiates
Name all the bone markings on the femur and the bone marking on the pelvis it articulates with on the proximal end.
Proximal: Fovea capitis, Head, Neck, Greater trochanter, lesser trochanter.
Posterior: Linea Aspera
Distale: Medial and lateral epicondyles, medial and lateral condyles
Answer: Articulates with acetabelum on the pelvis
R: What is heatstroke? List all the symptoms the patient experienced in the case study.
Q: Describe the mechanism behind disorientation due to heat stroke.
Heat stroke = body's inability to cool itself off due to an incapacity to sweat (from excess water loss);
Disorientation, high HR, low BP, hyperthermia, sunburn
Ans: High temp --> water loss in sweat --> low BV --> low BP --> not enough circulation to push blood up to brain.
A patient has acidic blood. Name two ways the kidneys would balance pH.
Excrete more H+ ions
Conserve more bicarbonate ions
Explain the mechanism of the following symptoms in malignant hyperthermia:
a. High HR
b. High RR
c. Hyperthermia (name a reaction that causes this)
d. Rigid muscles
e. Acidic blood
a. High HR - low O2 from consumption in CR due to ATP depletion
b. High RR - increased CO2 from increase CR to replenish
c. ATP hydrolysis to fuel uninhibited cross bridge cycling
d. Uninhibited crossbridge cycling
d. CO2 and lactic acid buildup
Name all the articulations between the humerus, ulna and radius.
Ulna and humerus:
Olecranon process (ulna) and fossa (humerus)
Coronoid process (ulna) and fossa (humerus)
Trochlear notch (ulna) and trochlea (humerus)
Ulna and radius:
Radial head (radius) and radial notch (ulna)