Eye don’t see nothing wrong
A) Lens opacity
B) Increased intraocular pressure
C) Retinal detachment
D) Weakness of extraocular muscles
Increased intraocular pressure
Which type of chemical must a substance be in order to be detected as an odor?
A) Hydrophilic
B) Lipophilic
C) Volatile
D) Ionic
Volatile
(For a substance to be detected as an odor, its molecules must easily evaporate and enter the gas phase at room temperature. This volatility allows the molecules to become airborne and enter the nasal cavity during inhalation, where they can reach the olfactory receptors)
Which taste is primarily triggered by sodium ions (Na⁺)?
A. Bitter
B. Sour
C. Sweet
D. Salty
Salty
Which structure first collects sound waves from the environment?
A. Cochlea
B. Tympanic membrane
C. Pinna (Auricle)
D. Staples
Pinna (Auricle)
Which type of receptor detects light touch on the skin?
A. Thermoreceptors
B. Mechanoreceptors
C. Nociceptors
D. Chemoreceptors
Mechanoreceptors
Excess glucose is changed to:
A) Carbohydrates
B) Gycogen
C) Cellulose
D) Gycerol
Gycogen
Extreme body temperature
Hyperthermia
Which ocular structure is primarily damaged over time due to untreated glaucoma?
A) Retina
B) Optic nerve
C) Cornea
D) Iris
Optic nerve
Where are the receptor proteins for smell located?
A) Supporting cells
B) Olfactory cilia (hairs) of sensory neurons
C) Cribriform plate
D) Olfactory bulb glomeruli
Olfactory cilia (hairs) of sensory neurons
(The specialized G-protein coupled receptor proteins that physically bind to odorant molecules are located directly on the membranes of the olfactory cilia. These tiny, hair-like extensions project from the dendrite of the olfactory sensory neurons into the thick layer of mucus lining the nasal cavity, capturing airborne chemicals as you breathe.)
Which taste is a warning sign for spoiled or unripe food?
A. Sour
B. Umami
C. Sweet
D. Bitter
Sour
Which unit is used to measure the loudness (amplitude) of sound?
A) Hz
B) dB
C) W
D) J
dB
(Decibels)
Cold thermoreceptors are most active in which temperature range?
A. 32°F–50°F
B. 50°F–104°F
C. 90°F–118°F
D. Above 118°F
50°F–104°F
(Cutaneous cold thermoreceptors respond to innocuous (harmless) cooling and are physiologically active within a broad window between 10°C and 40°C (50°F to 104°F).)
Energy produced in the cell in the presence of oxygen:
Aerobic metabolism
Low body temperature
Hypothermia
Which two structures make up the fibrous tunic of the eye?
A) Iris and ciliary body
B) Retina and macula
C) Sclera and cornea
D) Choroid and lens
Sclera and cornea
(The outermost layer is the fibrous tunic, which provides structural support. It consists entirely of:
How often are olfactory sensory neurons typically replaced in adults?
A) Every 5–7 days
B) Every 15–30 days
C) Every 30–60 days
D) They do not regenerate
Every 30–60 days
(This is one of the very few places in the entire human body where neurogenesis (the growth and development of new nervous tissue) regularly occurs in adults.)
Before a chemical can be tasted, it must first:
A. Be digested in the stomach
B. Be chewed for 30 seconds
C. Dissolve in saliva
D. Travel to the thalamus
Dissolve in saliva
Which auditory ossicle is directly connected to the tympanic membrane?
A) Incus
B) Stapes
C) Malleus
D) Cochlea
Malleus
Free nerve endings are responsible for detecting:
A. Vibration only
B. Light touch only
C. Pain, extreme temperatures, and chemical irritation
D. Muscle stretch and joint position
Pain, extreme temperatures, and chemical irritation
The process by which energy is released from organic compounds.
Cellular respiration
Build up of larger molecules
Anabolism
The _____ provides vital nourishment and regulates temperature for the outer retina:
A) Choroid
B) Lens
C) Macula
D) Cornea
Choroid
(The choroid is the highly vascular, middle layer of the eye situated between the sclera and the retina. It contains a dense network of blood vessels that provides oxygen and vital nutrients to the avascular outer retina.)
Which cranial nerve carries the sense of smell?
A) CN I
B) CN II
C) CN V
D) CN VII
CN I
(Olfactory)
Which cranial nerve carries taste sensations from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
CN VII (Facial)
What is the role of the Eustachian tube?
A) Amplifies sound waves
B) Converts mechanical energy to electrical signals
C) Equalizes pressure across the tympanic membrane
D) Produces earwax
Equalizes pressure across the tympanic membrane
Which brain structure initially receives all touch sensory input for sorting?
A. Cerebellum
B. Thalamus
C. Hippocampus
D. Amygdala
Thalamus
(The thalamus functions as the central relay station and sorting center of the brain for almost all sensory systems.)
Energy produced in the cell in the absence of oxygen:
Anaerobic Metabolism
Breakdown of larger molecules into smaller
Catabolism
What is the primary function of rods versus cones in the retina?
A) Rods detect color; cones detect dim light
B) Rods detect bright light; cones detect peripheral vision
C) Rods detect dim light; cones detect color
D) Rods detect near vision; cones detect far vision
Rods detect dim light; cones detect color.
Which brain structure does the olfactory pathway bypass that all other sensory pathways normally pass through first?
A) Hypothalamus
B) Amygdala
C) Thalamus
D) Hippocampus
Thalamus
(Olfaction (smell) bypasses the thalamus entirely on its initial journey, projecting nerve signals directly from the olfactory bulb to the primary olfactory cortex.)
All taste fibers from CN VII, IX, and X converge in which brainstem structure?
A. Thalamus
B. Solitary nucleus in the medulla
C. Cerebellum
D. Primary gustatory cortex
Solitary nucleus in the medulla
Which part of the inner ear is primarily responsible for hearing?
A) Semicircular canals
B) Vestibule
C) Cochlea
D) Utricle
Cochlea
A patient can feel touch on the face and neck but has zero sensation from the nipples down. Which spinal level is most likely injured?
A. T2
B. T4
C. T6
D. T10
T4
The energy created by cellular respiration
ATP
How does accommodation work for near objects?
A) Ciliary muscles relax, flattening the lens
B) Ciliary muscles contract, rounding the lens
C) Pupils dilate, reducing lens refraction
D) Pupils constrict, flattening the lens
Ciliary muscles contract, rounding the lens
A patient reports smelling burning rubber before a temporal lobe seizure. This phenomenon is best described as:
Phantosmia
(phantom smell)
Which taste is triggered by amino acids like glutamate?
A. Bitter
B. Sour
C. Umami
D. Salty
Umami
Which structure contains the hair cells that convert fluid movements into electrical signals?
A) Organ of Corti
B) Cupula
C) Otoliths
D) Saccule
Organ of Corti
Which term describes the brain misinterpreting visceral pain as originating from the skin?
A. Neuropathy
B. Proprioception
C. Referred pain
D. Hyperalgesia
Referred pain
Name 2 waste products of cellular respiration.
Carbon dioxide and water
How does accommodation work for distant objects?
A) Ciliary muscles relax, flattening the lens
B) Ciliary muscles contract, rounding the lens
C) Pupils dilate, reducing lens refraction
D) Pupils constrict, flattening the lens
Ciliary muscles relax, flattening the lens
Which of the following is the most likely consequence of shearing olfactory neurons at the cribriform plate following a head trauma?
Permanent anosmia
A medullary stroke could cause:
A. Loss of taste on the anterior tongue only
B. Loss of taste on the posterior tongue only
C. Loss of taste across the entire mouth
D. Hyper-sensitivity to sweet tastes
Loss of taste across the entire mouth. (Ageusia)
What is the correct sequence of energy transfer for hearing?
A) Fluid → Air → Bone
B) Air → Bone → Fluid → Hair cells
C) Bone → Fluid → Air
D) Air → Fluid → Bone
Air → Bone → Fluid → Hair cells
Diabetic neuropathy commonly presents first with loss of sensation in:
A. Chest and face
B. Hands and feet
C. Abdomen and back
D. Shoulders and arms
Hands and feet
How any amino acids are essential?
9
Fill in the blanks: As light enters the eye, it passes sequentially through the cornea, the [A] humor, the pupil, the lens, the [B] humor, and finally strikes the retina.
A) Aqueous; Vitreous
B) Vitreous; Aqueous
C) Synovial; Vitreous
D) Vitreous; Synovial
Aqueous; Vitreous
A paramedic enters a house with a hydrogen sulfide leak. Initially, the smell is overwhelming, but after 10 minutes, they no longer notice it. This is known as:
Olfactory fatigue
Which best explains why bitter tastes can trigger gagging before conscious recognition?
A. Bitter receptors are located only in the cerebellum
B. Taste impulses first activate autonomic reflex centers in the medulla
C. Bitter taste does not require cranial nerve signaling
D. The thalamus bypasses the medulla
Taste impulses first activate autonomic reflex centers in the medulla.
A ruptured tympanic membrane primarily results in which type of hearing loss?
A) Sensorineural
B) Conductive
C) Central auditory
D) Mixed
Conductive
Why does referred pain from a heart attack often radiate down the left arm?
A. The vagus nerve innervates the arm
B. Shared spinal cord pathways (T1–T5 dermatomes) misinterpret origin
C. Coronary arteries supply the arm
D. Pain signals bypass the spinal cord
Shared spinal cord pathways (T1–T5 dermatomes) misinterpret origin
The body’s means of heat loss is called:
Themolysis
What is a hyphema, and how should the patient be positioned during transport?
A) Blood in the posterior chamber; lay flat
B) Blood in the anterior chamber; head elevated 30–45°
C) Swelling of the retina; sitting upright
D) Corneal clouding; prone position
Blood in the anterior chamber; head elevated 30–45°
Which of the following complications can result from a fracture of the cribriform plate with CSF rhinorrhea?
Meningitis
(Creates a pathway from the pathogen filled nose to the sterile The correct spelling is cerebrovascular..
After taste signals synapse in the solitary nucleus, where do they travel next for conscious perception?
A. Cerebellum
B. Thalamus
C. Hypothalamus
D. Corpus callosum
Thalamus
Which vestibular structure detects vertical acceleration, such as riding in an elevator?
A) Utricle
B) Saccule
C) Cochlea
D) Incus
Saccule
(The saccule detects vertical movement (up and down), while the utricle detects horizontal movement (forward and backward)
A trauma patient loses pain sensation in the right leg but retains vibration sense. Which side of the spinal cord is injured?
A. Left
B. Right
C. Both
D. Neither
Left
(Nerves in the legs that sense pain and temperature cross over at the spine.)
What compartment in the body holds the most water:
Intercellular
(75%)
Why is vomiting dangerous for a patient with an open globe injury?
A) It spreads infection to the orbit
B) It increases intraocular pressure and may extrude eye contents
C) It causes dehydration that affects the retina
D) It constricts the pupils and reduces vision
It increases intraocular pressure and may extrude eye contents
Which of the following best explains why odors can trigger emotional responses before conscious recognition?
Olfactory tracts connect directly to the limbic system
Which statement is correct regarding central vs. peripheral taste deficits?
A. Peripheral nerve damage causes complete loss of taste across the mouth
B. Central medullary damage can cause widespread taste loss
C. Medullary injuries do not affect taste
D. Damage to the thalamus only affects sweet perception
Central medullary damage can cause widespread taste loss
Which condition is characterized by episodes of vertigo, tinnitus, and fluctuating hearing loss?
A) Motion sickness
B) Ménière’s disease
C) BPPV
D) Ototoxicity
Ménière’s disease
(This condition involves an overaccumulation of fluid (endolymph) inside the saccule and scala media, leading to severe vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss.)
A patient exposed to 45°F water initially feels cold, but soon develops pain. Why?
A. Thermoreceptors adapt to low frequency vibration
B. Mechanoreceptors replace thermal sensation
C. Cold thermoreceptors stop firing and nociceptors(pain) activate
D. Warm thermoreceptors trigger pain perception
Cold thermoreceptors stop firing and nociceptors activate
This is responsible for the ‘painful cold’ feelings.
This part of the brain is called the body thermostat:
Hypothalamus
Which orbital bone is most commonly fractured in a blowout fracture, and what muscle can become entrapped?
A) Frontal bone; Superior oblique
B) Maxillary bone; Inferior rectus
C) Ethmoid bone; Lateral rectus
D) Zygomatic bone; Superior rectus
Maxillary bone; Inferior rectus
A patient with sudden anosmia after a motor vehicle collision also has a clear nasal discharge that tests positive for glucose. The most likely site of injury is:
A) Sphenoid sinus
B) Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
C) Maxillary sinus wall
D) Nasal septum cartilage
Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
(High-impact injury like a motor vehicle collision can fracture this fragile bone.)
What cranial nerves comprise the gustatory system?
CN VII, IX, X.
Which mechanism best explains why cool water entering the middle ear can cause vertigo?
A) Increased cochlear fluid pressure
B) Direct stimulation of the auditory nerve
C) Temperature-induced endolymph movement simulating head rotation
D) Blockage of the Eustachian tube
Temperature-induced endolymph movement simulating head rotation.
Which type of sensory loss pattern is characteristic of diabetic neuropathy?
A. Proximal muscle weakness first
B. Loss of proprioception in the trunk
C. Glove-and-stocking distribution of numbness
D. Isolated facial sensory loss
Glove-and-stocking distribution of numbness
(Destroys the longest nerves in the feet and lower legs then moves on to the hands.)
Maintenance of normal body temperature is called:
Thermoregulation