CV
T/F: the heart pumps nearly 100% of the blood forward with each heart beat
False. The heart pumps 60-65% of the blood forward with each beat (LVEF value or Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction ), not all of blood gets pumped out of heart
Heart failure occurs when the pump is not working, maybe it's only pumping 30 or 10% (EXAMPLE FROM CLASS)
The most abundant cation in ECF (extracellular fluid), and its normal lab value
The nurse palpates the back of the pt's back, and instructs them to repeat the word/phrase "ninety-nine", the nurse is assessing the pt's _____
Fremitus
What are three (3) actions or factors that promote healthy sleep
Limiting alcohol consumption/ strenuous activity several hours before bed
Bedroom environment (Quiet, dark, cool)
Limit caffeine 6-9 hours before bedtime
No phone/electronics before bed
Consistent waking time
Where does digestion begin?
A) Oral cavity
B) Esophagus
C) Stomach
D) Small intestine
A) Oral cavity
Salivary enzymes begin breaking down food
Trace the CV electrical system
Sinoatrial SA node
Atrioventricular AV node
Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)
Purkinje fibers
Evaluate these lab values:
pH - 7.22
PaCO2 - 39 mmHg
HCO3 - 15 mEq/L
Uncompensated acidosis (metabolic)
PaCO2 = 39 = 35 - 45 mmHg
HCO3 = 15 < 22 - 26 mEq/L
*Which ever numeric value falls most outside normal
A normal individual has an A-P diameter of A) ___, while a pt with poorly controlled COPD has a diameter of B) ___
A) 1:2
B) 1:1
T/F, milk is technically a clear liquid
False
Order of abdominal assessment
Which quadrant do you start with first? and which order: Clockwise, counterclockwise
Inspection
Auscultation
Percussion
Palpation
RLQ - Clockwise
Three (3) Nonmodifiable CV factors are ...
Age
Gender (Males until post menopause)
Genetics/Family Medical History
Ethnicity (African Americans)
Evaluate these lab values:
pH - 7.33
PaCO2 - 67 mmHg
HCO3 - 37 mEq/L
Uncompensated acidosis (Respiratory)
PaCO2 = 67 > 35 - 45 mmHg
HCO3 = 37 > 22 - 26 mEq/L
*Which ever numeric value falls most outside normal
The pt coughs and clears the "crackly" sound the nurse was auscultating prior, it sounds like they heard _______
A) Crackles (rales)
B) Rhonchi
C) Wheezes
B) Rhonchi
Crackles do not clear with coughing
Wheezing sounds like a high pitch wheeze
The pt has mashed potatoes, pureed meatloaf, thickened water, and an Italian ice for dinner, the diet is the pt most likely on is
Soft, mechanical soft
Urine starts to form in the ______ of the nephron
A) Collecting ducts
B) Bowman capsule
C) Distal convoluted tubule
D) Glomerulus
D) Glomerulus
The nurse might evaluate this lab value to examine cardiac activity over a chronic time period
BNP
Measuring atrial stretch for heart failure
_______ is the Concentration of dissolved particles in a given volume of fluid
Normal: 280 - 300 mOsm/kg
A) Osmolality
B) Osmolarity
B) Osmolarity is the concentration
Osmolality is the "proportion of dissolved particles in a given weight of a fluid"
The difference between using a venturi mask vs is reservoir mask is
Venturi masks are used for administering precise oxygen
A reservoir mask is used for delivering high flow oxygen
REM or rapid eye movement sleep is about ____% of total sleep
A) 75-80
B) 15-20
C) 33
D) 25
D) 25%
List two (2) types of diagnostic testing for GI system
Stool sample/ culture
FOBT (Fecal Occult Blood Test)
Barium swallow study
Endoscopy/ Colonoscopy
X-Ray series (UGI)
Potassium levels of 2.5 would expect A) ______ T waves, while potassium levels of 5.5 can expect B) ______ T waves
A) Flattened T waves (hypokalemia)
B) Peaked T waves (Hyperkalemia)
The electrolyte the nurse is concerned about with vomiting or excessive GI loss
Potassium - Causes heart rate rhythm irregularities
A patient who recently underwent an abdominal surgery may be at risk for _____
Hint: Decreased lower lobe lung sounds
Atelectasis
T/F if albumin levels are low, you may see 3rd spacing, stomach ascites (excess fluid buildup), peripheral edema, etc
True
Albumin (protein) keeps fluid in vasculature, maintaining concentration as necessary
The minimal urinary output per hour is
30 mL of urine an hour
*Perfusion for kidney function