Cell Biology
This programmed process normally causes cells to self-destruct when they are damaged or no longer needed, but cancer cells often avoid it, allowing uncontrolled growth.
What is apoptosis?
This type of immune cell can recognize and destroy cancer cells by detecting abnormal proteins on their surface.
What are T cells (especially cytotoxic T cells)?
This is what the immune system’s primary function is to prevent or limit by recognizing and eliminating abnormal cells.
What is malignant disease?
This cancer treatment uses medications that travel throughout the body to destroy rapidly dividing cancer cells.
What is chemotherapy?
The primary goal of this clinical trial phase is to determine a new treatment's safety, appropriate dosage, and potential side effects in humans.
What is a Phase I clinical trial?
This membrane-bound organelle modifies, packages, and secretes proteins and lipids, and it is highly active in cancer cells that release factors promoting tumor growth.
What is the Golgi apparatus?
This process occurs when cancer cells avoid detection or destruction by the immune system.
What is immune evasion?
These are the types of cells where disease-causing mutations occur and can be passed on to daughter cells, potentially leading to cancer development.
What are somatic cells?
This treatment uses high-energy radiation to damage cancer cell DNA and prevent tumor growth.
What is radiation therapy?
This clinical trial phase is designed to monitor a drug's long-term safety, effectiveness, and rare side effects after it has been approved and is on the market.
What is a Phase IV clinical trial?
These organelles act as the cell’s recycling centers by breaking down old proteins and damaged materials, and in cancer cells they can help promote survival in stressful tumor environments
What are lysosomes?
These proteins are used by cancer cells to "turn off" T-cell activity and avoid immune attack.
What are immune checkpoint proteins?
These normal genes regulate cell growth and division, but when mutations activate them, they become cancer-causing genes.
What is oncogenes?
This treatment approach uses the body's immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
What is immunotherapy?
This is the primary ethical struggle in clinical research, ensuring that individuals voluntarily participate with informed consent while protecting their rights and welfare.
What is patient participation?
This principle of cell theory states that all living organisms are made up of cells, making the cell the fundamental unit for understanding diseases such as cancer.
What is the cell theory?
This cancer treatment boosts the body's immune response by helping immune cells better recognize and attack tumors.
What is immunotherapy?
These signaling molecules bind to receptors on target cells and regulate cell growth, immune responses, and other defense functions.
What is cytokines?
This type of transplantation is most frequently used to treat diseases such as leukemia, lymphoma, and other blood or bone marrow disorders
What is allogeneic transplantation?
This phase of clinical trials typically enrolls 100 to 1,000 participantsto evaluate a treatment's effectiveness, monitor side effects, and compare it with standard treatments.
What is a Phase III clinical trial?
This flexible, selectively permeable barrier surrounds the cell and helps cancer cells regulate what enters and leaves, allowing them to evade immune attacks and resist some treatments.
What is the cell membrane?
These immune cells help identify and eliminate abnormal cells by presenting cancer-related antigens to other immune cells
What are antigen-presenting cells (such as dendritic cells)?
These immune cells create long-lasting protection by remembering a previously encountered pathogen or foreign antigen, allowing a faster and stronger response upon re-exposure.
What are memory cells (memory B cells and memory T cells)?
This is the most common lethal side effect of chemotherapy, caused by a severe decrease in white blood cells that leaves patients vulnerable to life-threatening infections.
What is neutropenia (or infection due to bone marrow suppression)?
In a research study, four basic elements are required to be included in the informed consent document.
What is understanding?
What is comprehension?
What is voluntariness?
What is competence?