Independence
What was the winning strategy for independence? Name and define it.
Nativism, a policy of protecting the of native-born interests over those of immigrants.
Who ruled once independence from Spain had been won?
Elite creole men/caudillos/landowners
What did “Progress” mean to elite liberals economically?
Using cash crops/international trade to modernize, building railroads/steamships, undermining Church wealth, commercial agriculture over subsistence agriculture, privatizing land to make it "productive"
1) What is liberalism, and 2) what was the reality of the ideal during the national period?
1) political philosophy of limited government/equal citizenship/representative democracy, 2) became an economic idea that undermined Church/privatized land/expanded cash crop exports
1) What is neocolonialism, and 2) where do we see it?
1) "new colonialism" when a more powerful country pressures another informally through economics, politics, and culture, 2) 1880s-1930s, L.Am. republics enter unequal relationship with Western powers (similar to former condition as Iberian colonies)
Briefly contrast Spanish America and Brazil's path to independence
Spanish America: Unstable, many revolts and battles between peninsulares and creoles, independence is won
Brazil: Stable, Portuguese king rules in Brazil, independence is given
Describe indigenous life in the National period.
End of the mita, returned to their traditional communities, governed themselves, subsistence agriculture
What did “Progress” mean to elite liberals culturally?
Emulating Europe and the US, those at the top socially were those that had Western-style etiquette/lifestyles/dress, building Europeanized metropolises with streetcars, telephones, and movie theaters
1) What is nationalism, and 2) what was the reality of the ideal during the national period?
1) political philosophy that prioritizes creating an independent, self-governing nation, 2) neocolonial pressures from foreign countries prevented full economic independence
Describe how cash crops destabilized Latin American societies.
Made economy dependent on outside markets, increased national debt, impoverished the laboring majority involved in producing goods, increased wealth inequality
1) Who was Father Jose Morelos, 2) what country is he important to, and 3) what did he stand for?
1) Mestizo leader/independence fighter, 2) Mexico, 3) promoted nativism and said everyone born in America were “Americanos"
What did labor systems look like post-independence?
Official end of slavery/mita, but continuation of old abuses with exploitative peon-patron system
What did “Progress” mean to elite liberals racially?
to be “modern” was to be white/European, race mixing now seen as “national tragedy” and opposite of racial progress, blacker/browner people considered less developed, less civilized, and their genes were less desirable (scientific racism)
1) What is popular sovereignty, and 2) what was the reality of the ideal during the national period?
1) the people decide the government that will rule them, 2) elite creole/caudillo rule kept power in the hands of a small minority, majority still excluded from political participation
1) What is authoritarian rule, and 2) why was it preferred by the Liberal elite?
1) government where power is held by a small group or single dictator, limits citizens’ freedoms, and oppresses those under their authority, 2) exploited workers but produced efficient, highly-controlled work environments
1) Who was Simon Bolivar, 2) what country is he important to, and 3) what did he stand for?
1) Military leader/"The Liberator" 2) Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, 3) LIBERATION from slavery & UNITY of new countries in a superstate
What was costumbrismo and why was it significant?
Uniquely Latin American cultural expression that celebrated common people’s customary appearance/lifestyles instead of Eurocentric culture (included folk dances, songs, new forms of literature)
What did the era of "Progress" mean for the majority of Latin Americans?
Majority didn't have access to cash crop profits/barred from modernization benefits, working class people made landless through land privatization and exploited, blacker/browner people seen as less than
1)What were patriarchal standards for women, and what was the reality of the ideal during the national period?
1) to stay in the private domestic sphere and raise next generation of citizens (enlightened motherhood), 2) wrote, got educated, advocated for women's rights and racial minorities
1) What was the United Fruit Company and 2) what did it do?
1) US-owned business that ran the banana industry Costa Rica, Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia, and Venezuela, 2) asserted power over the governments, profited off of the neocolonial exploitation of the countries' resources and workers