ELF – Definitioner
This term describes a language used by people to communicate when they do not share a common language.
What is a lingua franca?
This empire spread the English language throughout its colonies for use in politics, trade and education.
What is the British Empire?
This linguist created the 1985 three-circle model of World Englishes.
Who is Braj Kachru?
This type of mistake includes dropping the 3rd person singular "-s," as in "he work for Microsoft."
What is a grammatical mistake?
This restricted contact language, with a vocabulary of about 300 words, develops when a dominant group's language mixes with a native group's language.
What is a pidgin?
This three-word abbreviation, ELF, stands for this.
What is English as a Lingua Franca?
In 1922, the British Empire covered almost this fraction of the world's total land.
What is a quarter (1/4)?
This circle represents countries where English is a native language (ENL) and is "norm-providing," e.g. the UK, USA, Australia.
What is the inner circle?
This type of mistake includes mispronouncing sounds like "th" or misplacing word stress.
What is a vocal/pronunciation mistake?
This more advanced, complex language, with a vocabulary of 1,000–3,000 words, can develop from pidgin over generations.
What is a creole?
According to oxforddictionaries.com, ELF is "a language adopted as a common language between speakers whose native ___ are different."
What is "languages"?
After WWII, this country began promoting English worldwide, partly because it was undamaged politically, educationally and scientifically by the war.
What is the United States?
This circle represents former colonies where English functions as a second language (ESL) and is "norm-developing," e.g. Nigeria, India, Jamaica.
What is the outer circle?
In the text's example, a Spanish woman did this to the "chops" after misunderstanding the instruction to "watch" them.
What is wash them under the tap?
Name one example of a pidgin language given in the text.
What is Hawaii Pidgin English, Aboriginal Pidgin English, or Butler English (India)? (any one)
The term "lingua franca" was coined in the 17th century by the Italians to describe a mixed trade language made of Italian, French, Portuguese, Spanish, Turkish, Greek and this other language.
What is Arabic?
This international organisation, created after WWII, made English one of its four main languages.
What is the United Nations?
This circle represents countries where English is a foreign language (EFL) based on performance rather than official use, e.g. Denmark, China, Japan.
What is the expanding circle?
An elderly lady confused the German word "bekommen" with this English word, saying she'd love to "become a cup of coffee."
What is "become" (meaning "to get")?
Name one example of a creole language given in the text.
What is Haitian Creole or Louisiana Creole? (either one)
ELF interactions concentrate on this rather than on grammatical correctness.
What is function / getting the message across?
Name one of the factors (besides US economic/cultural influence) that the text lists as a reason English became the world's lingua franca.
What is: the internet, English as the language of computing, or English as required in international business/science/aviation/education? (any one accepted)
Name one limitation of Kachru's model mentioned in the text.
Kachru's model mentioned in the text.What is: it's based on geography/history rather than speakers' actual proficiency/use, or it ignores grey areas and bilingual/multilingual speakers?
This term describes the misunderstanding that arises between ELF speakers when a message is filtered through different cultural backgrounds.
What is "cultural noise"?
This is the key difference between pidgin and creole speakers regarding their mother tongue.
What is: pidgin speakers still have their own mother tongue alongside the pidgin, while creole speakers have replaced their mother tongue with the creole?