Neural Crest or Neural Tube?
A defect affects peripheral myelination but not CNS myelination. Which neural crest-derived cell is involved?
What are Schwann cells?
The telencephalon develops into which adult brain structures and ventricles?
What are the cerebral hemispheres and lateral ventricles?
Failure of which neuropore to close causes anencephaly?
What is the rostral neuropore?
Which disorder is called “smooth brain” and results from abnormal neuronal migration?
What is lissencephaly?
Deficiency of which vitamin increases the risk of neural tube defects?
What is folate or folic acid?
Which CNS immune cell is different from most neuroglia because it comes from mesoderm?
What are microglia?
Which secondary brain vesicle forms the thalamus and hypothalamus and surrounds the third ventricle?
What is the diencephalon?
In which neural tube defect do the meninges herniate, but neural tissue does not?
What is meningocele?
Failure of the prosencephalon to divide into two cerebral hemispheres causes what condition?
What is holoprosencephaly?
Which maternal metabolic condition is a risk factor for spina bifida?
What is diabetes mellitus?
Parafollicular C cells, adrenal medulla, and peripheral ganglia all come from what embryologic source?
What is neural crest?
A defect in the metencephalon would affect which two major adult structures?
What are the pons and cerebellum?
A spinal defect contains both meninges and neural tissue. What is it?
What is myelomeningocele?
Holoprosencephaly is classically associated with which trisomy?
What is trisomy 13, Patau syndrome?
Elevated AFP and acetylcholinesterase suggest what general type of fetal abnormality?
What is an open neural tube defect?
If neural crest development is disrupted, the pia and arachnoid may be affected. Which meningeal layer should be spared?
What is the dura mater?
The cavity of the mesencephalon becomes what CSF passageway?
What is the cerebral aqueduct?
A child has a small vertebral defect, a tuft of hair, no herniation, and normal AFP. What is the diagnosis?
What is spina bifida occulta?
Which prenatal exposure listed on the page is associated with holoprosencephaly?
What is fetal alcohol exposure?
Which is more likely to cause elevated AFP: myelomeningocele or spina bifida occulta?
What is myelomeningocele?
Neuroectoderm is damaged, but neural crest is normal. Name two structures from this page that could be affected?
What are any two of: CNS neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, choroid plexus cells, posterior pituitary, pineal gland, optic nerve, retina, or iris muscles?
Put these in order from rostral to caudal: myelencephalon, telencephalon, mesencephalon, diencephalon, metencephalon.
What is telencephalon → diencephalon → mesencephalon → metencephalon → myelencephalon?
Why can a fetus with anencephaly develop polyhydramnios?
What is impaired fetal swallowing?
A fetus has no normal sulci or gyri, but the neural tube closed normally. What developmental process failed?
What is neuronal migration?
A disorder affects the adrenal medulla, Schwann cells, enteric ganglia, and craniofacial cartilage. What embryologic process is most likely abnormal?
What is neural crest development or migration?