Motivation & Emotion
This physiological need creates an aroused state that drives an organism to reduce it (e.g., eating when hungry).
What is a drive? (Drive-reduction theory)
According to Freud, this executive part of personality operates on the reality principle, mediating among the demands of the id, superego, and reality.
What is the ego?
This term describes the cognitive discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts, or a thought and an action, are inconsistent.
What is cognitive dissonance?
This tendency leads people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward a common goal than when individually accountable.
What is social loafing?
This tendency leads observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact of personal disposition when analyzing another person's behavior.
What is the fundamental attribution error?
This theory states that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion.
What is the Cannon-Bard theory?
In Carl Jung's theory, this concept refers to a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history.
What is the collective unconscious?
Solomon Asch conducted famous experiments in the 1950s using lines of varying lengths to study this social phenomenon.
What is conformity?
This concept refers to improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.
What is social facilitation?
This phenomenon describes our tendency to favor our own group over outside groups.
What is in-group bias?
According to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, this level must be met immediately after basic physiological safety needs before seeking belongingness.
What are safety needs?
This defense mechanism involves switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites, such as acting overly friendly to someone you dislike.
What is reaction formation?
This persuasion technique involves getting a person to agree to a large request by first setting them up with a modest request.
What is the foot-in-the-door phenomenon?
The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity is known as this.
What is deindividuation?
This social pattern explains why the presence of multiple onlookers decreases the likelihood that any single individual will step in to help someone in distress.
What is the bystander effect?
This phenomenon describes our tendency to judge various stimuli in relation to a neutral level defined by our prior experience.
What is the adaptation-level phenomenon?
The Big Five personality traits can be easily remembered using the acronym OCEAN. The 'C' stands for this trait.
What is Conscientiousness?
Stanley Milgram’s famous experiment tested how far people would go in shocking another person to measure this.
What is obedience (to authority)?
This mode of thinking occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.
What is groupthink?
Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation are known as this type of goal.
What are superordinate goals?
This law states that performance increases with physiological or mental arousal, but only up to an optimal point, after which it decreases.
What is the Yerkes-Dodson Law?
Julian Rotter coined this term to describe whether people believe they control their own fate or that outside forces determine it.
What is locus of control?
This route to persuasion occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts, rather than being influenced by incidental cues.
What is the central route to persuasion?
When group discussion leads to a strengthening of the group's prevailing inclinations or opinions, this has occurred.
What is group polarization?
This psychological principle states that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases our liking of them
What is the mere exposure effect?