European Rivals
Founded in 1565 on Timucua land to drive out French colonizers, this Florida settlement is the oldest permanent European outpost in the United States
What is St. Augustine?
Vast wetlands, a hot and wet climate, and fertile soil made this colonial region ideal for establishing massive plantations to grow cash crops like tobacco and rice
What are the Southern Colonies?
Making up about half of all European immigrants, these individuals agreed to work without pay for three to six years to settle the cost of their ship passage
Who are indentured servants?
This English explorer saved Jamestown from collapse in 1608 by enforcing a strict labor policy: "If any would not work, neither should he eat"
Who is John Smith?
This term describes the vast historical transfer of plants, animals, culture, populations, and communicable diseases back and forth across the Atlantic Ocean
What is the Columbian Exchange?
These coureurs de bois, whose name translates to "wood runners," forged alliances by living in Wyandot (Huron) villages and marrying native women
Who are French fur trappers?
Due to long, cold winters and a rocky, hilly wilderness, this colonial region bypassed large-scale farming to build its economy on logging, fishing, and shipbuilding
What are the New England Colonies?
This horrific, crowded, and unsanitary ocean voyage across the Atlantic Ocean formed the second leg of the triangular trade of enslaved people
What is the Middle Passage?
This Quaker proprietor advertised his colony across Europe, established Pennsylvania's first democracy, and insisted on treating local Native Americans fairly
Who is William Penn?
Historians estimate that in some areas, European diseases to which Native Americans had no immunity wiped out this percentage of the Indigenous population
What is 90 percent?
In 1626, Dutch Governor Peter Minuit purchased Manhattan Island from this Indigenous nation for trade goods worth about $24
Who are the Lenape (Delaware)?
Under this economic policy, European nations competed for wealth by strictly controlling colonial trade to ensure they exported more goods than they imported
What is mercantilism?
For a young colonial woman, daily life in this dual domestic role often proved to be even harder than life as an indentured servant, as they were expected to perform all of the housework, cooking, and cleaning
What is a wife and mother?
Sailing aboard the Mayflower in 1620, this Separatist leader helped draft the Mayflower Compact, served as governor of Plymouth Colony for many years, and documented its early history in his journal Of Plymouth Plantation
Who is William Bradford?
This violent 1680 uprising drove Spanish colonizers out of New Mexico for twelve years after Catholic priests whipped Pueblo religious leaders
What is the Pueblo Revolt?
To protect their territorial claims from European rivals, Spain sent small bands of soldiers to live in these walled military forts across the borderlands
What are presidios?
Founded by the Calvert family as a haven for Roman Catholics, this colony passed America's first law guaranteeing religious liberty to all Christians in 1649
What is Maryland?
In 1705, this Virginia legislative assembly formally legalized slavery by passing a law that defined enslaved Africans as taxable property
What is the House of Burgesses?
During his voyage to Massachusetts in 1630, this Puritan governor wrote a sermon declaring that their new colony must serve as a model "city upon a hill"
Who is John Winthrop?
This powerful confederacy of five (later six) Iroquois nations united under the Great Law of Peace, establishing an organized, consensus-based council of chiefs
What is the Haudenosaunee Confederacy?
This major 18th-century conflict pushed the French out of mainland North America and forced Spain to cede Florida to Great Britain in 1763
What is the French and Indian War? (or the Seven Years' War)
To protect English industries from foreign competition, Parliament passed these strict laws requiring all colonial imports and exports to be carried on English-crewed ships
What are the Navigation Acts?
This three-way exchange of manufactured goods, raw materials, and enslaved people between Europe, West Africa, and the Americas became known by this geometric term
What is the triangular trade?
Signed in 1620 aboard a storm-blown ship, this document served as the first written framework for representative self-government in the English colonies
What is the Mayflower Compact?
This Spanish-introduced animal fundamentally revolutionized Plains Indigenous cultures, transforming them from sedentary farmers to highly mobile bison hunters
What is the horse?