Biomolecules
These simple sugars, such as glucose, serve as the building blockmonomers for complex carbohydrates.
What are monosaccharides?
Because phospholipid tails are hydrophobic, this type of molecule cannot easily pass through the bilayer without assistance.
What are large or charged/polar molecules?
This cellular structure containing genetic material is present in human skin cells but absent in bacterial cells.
What is the nucleus?
This is the type of biomolecule of enzymes.
What are proteins?
Viruses are considered non-living because they lack organelles, cannot perform metabolism, and lack these protein-synthesizing structures.
What are ribosomes?
This class of biomolecule includes structural proteins like actin and enzymes that speed up chemical reactions.
What are proteins (or amino acid polymers)?
This type of passive transport moves large or polar molecules from high to low concentration using channel or carrier proteins.
What is facilitated diffusion?
Prokaryotic cells often store extra-chromosomal circular DNA loops known as these.
What are plasmids?
This is the substance that an enzyme binds to and acts upon called.
What is a substrate?
Why are viruses not considered living?
What is to reproduce and build viral proteins, a virus must hijack this component of a living host cell?
Unlike carbohydrates that supply quick energy, this nonpolar biomolecule provides long-term energy storage and insulation.
What are lipids?
Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane down its concentration gradient is known as this process.
What is osmosis?
Identify two cell structures shared by BOTH prokaryotic bacteria and eukaryotic plant cells.
What are ribosomes, cell wall, plasma membrane, or cytoplasm? (Any two)
This is the main job of an enzyme in a cell.
What is to speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for the reaction to occur?
A sample submitted to a lab contains no nucleus, no chloroplasts, no ribosomes, and a tiny genome of 170,000 base pairs. Identify the sample type.
What is a virus?
These monomers consist of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base, making up DNA and RNA.
What are nucleotides (these make up nucleic acids)?
The fundamental structural arrangement of the cell membrane consisting of double layers of amphipathic lipids is called this.
What is the phospholipid bilayer?
While eukaryotic DNA is organized into multiple linear chromosomes, prokaryotic main DNA is arranged in this shape.
What is a single circular chromosome?
If an enzyme reaches an unfavorable temperature or pH value then this happens.
What is denaturation?
This outer protective coat of a virus is made of protein subunits called capsomeres.
What is the capsid?
In a cell membrane, this specific portion of a phospholipid faces outwards toward water because it is polar and hydrophilic.
What is the phosphate head?
Contrast simple diffusion and active transport in terms of energy consumption and concentration gradient direction.
What is: Simple diffusion requires NO energy and moves DOWN gradient, while active transport requires ATP energy and moves AGAINST gradient?
A single-celled specimen observed under a microscope has a cell wall and flagellum, but lacks a nucleus or organelles. Classify this cell type.
What is a prokaryotic cell?
This states that the enzyme and substrate fit together perfectly to work.
What is the lock-and-key theory?
Contrast the genome size and cellular structure of a bacterium versus a typical virus.
What is: Bacteria have much larger genomes (millions of bp), ribosomes, and cellular membranes, whereas viruses have small genomes, no ribosomes, and are non-cellular?