Plexus Please
This plexus is formed by the anterior rami of C5–T1.
What is the brachial plexus?
What is a sarcomere?
This fundamental contractile unit of a myofibril is defined as the structural region located between two adjacent Z disks.
What are labile cells?
Cells that can continuously divide throughout life, such as epithelial cells and bone marrow cells, belong to this category.
What are delta waves?
Characterized by low frequency (0.5–4 Hz) and high amplitude, these brain waves dominate during deep, restorative sleep and unconscious states.
These are the five major components of the brachial plexus, in order from proximal to distal.
What are roots, trunks, divisions, cords and branches?
During muscle contraction, this sarcomere band remains constant in length, while the I band and H zone shorten.
What is the A band?
What are stable cells?
Cells such as hepatocytes that are normally resting but can re-enter the cell cycle belong to this category.
Name a primary, secondary and tertiary prevention strategy for alcohol abuse / induced injuries. And explain which each one targets
Primary = well population
Secondary = at risk
Tertiary = established disease
Primary = Education of consequences, alcohol taxation, regulation of licensed premises, legal drinking age, limiting sponsorships, RBT, 0 BAC for Learner's, ads, taxing & pricing, opening / distribution of stores
Secondary = treatment of drink drivers, brief interventions in workplace/ED
Tertiary = rehab
What is the 10–20 system?
This internationally recognized placement framework positions scalp electrodes at proportional 10% or 20% distances between anatomical skull landmarks like the nasion and inion
If there was a lateral vs. posterolateral herniation of the L4/L5 intervertebral disc - which nerve root would typically be compressed?
Lateral = L4
Posterolateral = L5
Explain the rigor state
In living muscle, this state occurs briefly when no nucleotide (ATP or ADP) is bound to myosin, causing it to remain tightly bound to actin.
What are permanent cells?
Cells such as neurons and cardiac muscle cells that have little or no proliferative capacity belong to this category.
What are axonotmesis and neurotmesis?
A patient has an axonal injury, but the endoneurial tubes remain intact
A nerve is completely transected by a sharp object. The axon, myelin and connective tissue framework are disrupted.
What are alpha waves?
Operating in the 8–13 Hz frequency range, these rhythmic waves appear when an individual is in a calm, relaxed wakeful state with eyes closed
What is Erb's palsy (or "Waiter's tip" deformity)?
An upper trunk injury (C5–C6) caused by excessive separation of the head and shoulder leads to loss of abduction and lateral rotation, presenting as this classic limb posture.
What is the dihydropyridine (DHP) receptor?
An action potential propagating down a T-tubule alters the conformation of this L-type calcium channel, triggering the mechanical opening of ryanodine receptors on the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
What is neurapraxia?
This is the term for damage to a nerve that causes temporary loss of conduction without axonal disruption.
Why does peripheral nerve regeneration work better than CNS axonal regeneration?
The PNS has a more supportive regenerative environment, particularly through Schwann cells and preserved connective tissue pathways, whereas the CNS environment is much less permissive to axonal regrowth.
What are gamma waves?
Ranging above 32 Hz, these high-frequency brain waves reflect neural synchronization across cortical areas during advanced cognitive processing and memory integration
What is Klumpke's palsy (or claw hand)?
Excessive arm abduction during a fall or delivery can injure the lower trunk (C8–T1), paralyzing the intrinsic hand muscles and causing this deformity.
What is sarcoplasmic Ca2+ - ATPase (SERCA)?
Muscle relaxation occurs as this specific enzyme actively pumps calcium ions from the cytoplasm back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
What is Wallerian degeneration? And why does it occur distally/medially (choose one) to an axonal injury?
After a peripheral nerve injury, the distal axon breaks down while the proximal axon remains connected to the cell body.
Because the distal axon is separated from the neuron's cell body and therefore loses access to the metabolic support required for maintenance.
A nerve has regenerated structurally, but the patient still has poor function. Give two reasons why structural regeneration may not equal functional recovery.
incorrect axonal reconnection/targeting and incomplete reinnervation of the original muscle or sensory receptors
What is interictal activity?
Paroxysmal spike-and-wave depolarizations observed on an EEG between active seizure episodes are categorized under this term