Sound Foundations
This field studies the physical production and perception of speech sounds; while this studies how sounds are organized within a language. Name both fields in order.
What is Phonetics, then phonology
Identify the onset in the word "map".
"m" or /m/
Which speech system supplies the air stream used for speech and also performs the life-sustaining function of breathing?
The respiratory system
The phonemes /p/, /b/, and /m/ are examples of what?
Bilabials
Which three features are most commonly used to describe vowel production?
Tongue height, tongue advancement, and lip rounding (tense and lax is also used)
A clinician writes /nɛst/ after hearing the word nest. Name the symbol system and explain why it is more useful than ordinary spelling for recording speech.
What is The International Phonetic Alphabet or IPA; it represents speech sounds directly rather than relying on inconsistent or ambiguous spelling.
Identify the nucleus in the word "team".
"ea" or /i/
During speech, is proportionally more time spent inhaling or exhaling? How does this compare with calm breathing?
Significantly more time is spent exhaling. Speech breathing uses a short inhalation and prolonged exhalation 10/90; calm breathing is more balanced at 40/60.
A sound made with the lower lip contacting the upper teeth is called what? Give one example phoneme.
Labiodental; /f/ or /v/
Describe /i/ using height, advancement, and lip rounding.
High, front, and unrounded
In the word phone, how many graphemes and phonemes are represented in /fon/? Also, identify the digraph.
Graphemes: 5
Phonemes: 3
Digraph: "ph" - "ne" may also be included
Identify the coda in the word lamp.
"mp" or /mp/
Which system contains the larynx and vocal folds and contributes to both voicing and airway protection?
The laryngeal system
What structure raises toward the back wall of the pharynx to keep oral sounds from escaping through the nose, and what is this closure called?
The velum; velopharyngeal closure
Describe /u/ using height, advancement, and lip rounding.
High, back, and rounded
Match each of the 4 examples to its term:
1. the -ed in jumped;
2. the individual speech sounds /k/ in coat versus /g/ in goat;
3. coat and goat as a pair;
4. and the different /l/ productions in leaf and full.
1. bound morpheme
2. phonemes
3. minimal pair
4. allophones
Classify each syllable as open or closed: go, gate, tough.
go: open
gate: closed
tough: closed
What term describes vocal-fold vibration during speech?
Phonation
The phonemes /k/, /g/, and /ŋ/ are produced with the back of the tongue near or against which structure, and what are they called?
The velum or soft palate; they are velar phonemes.
One vowel maintains a relatively steady tongue position, while another moves between two vowel positions within one syllable. Name both vowel types.
Monophthong and diphthong
Two clinicians carefully transcribe the same word differently after listening to speakers from different regions. What may explain the speakers' differences, and give one additional reason the transcriptions might vary.
Dialect may explain the speakers' differences. Other reasons for differences include individual production, broad versus narrow transcription, or differences in what the transcriber perceived.
How many syllables are in unbelievable?
5: un- be- liev- a- ble
Name the system made up of structures above the larynx, including the pharynx, oral cavity, nasal cavity, and articulators. State its main function.
The supralaryngeal system; it shapes the air stream to create a variety of speech sounds.
Sort these structures into articulators and non-articulators for this course: tongue, lips, teeth, larynx, and epiglottis.
Articulators: tongue, lips, and teeth.
Non-articulators: larynx and epiglottis.
Identify the vowel phoneme in each word: seed, fish, bed, cat, book, and food.
seed /i/;
fish /ɪ/;
bed /ɛ/;
cat /æ/;
book /ʊ/;
food /u/