Introduction
This field was defined by the APA as integrating science, theory, and practice to understand, predict, and alleviate maladjustment while promoting human adaptation and development across the lifespan and across cultures.
What is clinical psychology
This British reformer raised funds to establish the York Retreat, an institution emphasizing humane treatment of people with mental illness.
Who is William Tuke?
A psychologist chooses a treatment based not only on research findings, but also on the psychologist's clinical capabilities and the individual client's characteristics, culture, and preferences. This reflects the three components of this model.
What is evidence based practice, or the three legged stool?
Psychoanalysis is considered the first force, behaviourism the second, and humanism the third. This movement has been described as the fourth force because of its broad influence on the science and practice of clinical psychology.
What is multiculturalism?
One section of the APA Ethics Code describes ideals psychologists should strive toward, whereas another establishes standards of professional conduct that psychologists are expected to follow.
What are the General Principles and Ethical Standards?
A doctoral program emphasizes both research methodology and clinical practice, requiring students to demonstrate competence in assessment and psychotherapy as well as research.
What is the Scientist Practitioner, or Boulder, model?
This early physician advocated moving people with mental illness out of dungeons, rejected the idea that they were possessed by demons, and promoted case histories, treatment notes, and classification of illness.
Who is Philippe Pinel?
A psychologist worries that strict reliance on manualized treatments could limit the range of interventions she can use and constrain her ability to respond flexibly to individual clients. This represents which criticism of evidence based/manualized therapy?
Restrictions on practice
Before attempting to understand a client's culture, a psychologist must examine their own values, assumptions, biases, and cultural background. This component of cultural competence is known as what?
What is cultural self awareness?
A client tells a psychologist about a credible, specific threat to seriously harm another identifiable person. Although confidentiality is normally protected, this situation may require the psychologist to take action because of this ethical and legal principle.
What is the duty to warn/protect associated with Tarasoff?
A student wants doctoral training that places substantially greater emphasis on developing applied clinical skills and less emphasis on research, while still requiring a dissertation. This training philosophy is most consistent with this model.
What is the Practitioner Scholar, or Vail, model?
In 1896, this psychologist founded the first psychological clinic at the University of Pennsylvania, marking the systematic application of psychological science to real world problems.
Who is Lightner Witmer?
An insurance company will only reimburse treatment when a client receives a qualifying DSM diagnosis. A psychologist therefore becomes more likely to diagnose a client with relatively mild symptoms when the client uses insurance rather than paying out of pocket. What issue does this illustrate?
The influence of third party payment on diagnosis
Two clients identify with the same cultural group but have very different relationships with the dominant culture. One has largely adopted the dominant culture, while another maintains strong separation from it. What concept helps explain why members of the same cultural group may differ substantially?
What is acculturation?
Unlike informed consent for research, which is typically obtained at the beginning of a study, informed consent in psychotherapy should be understood in this way because information relevant to the client's treatment develops over time.
What is an ongoing process?
Unlike the Boulder model, this training model places particularly strong emphasis on the scientific method and evidence based clinical methods.
What is the Clinical Scientist model?
Put these developments in the correct historical sequence: Wechsler intelligence scales, Binet intelligence testing, Stanford Binet.
Binet → Stanford Binet → Wechsler
Research discussed in the chapter suggests that technology based psychological services can produce symptom reductions comparable to traditional treatment, although one aspect of the therapeutic process may sometimes be weaker.
What is the client therapist relationship, or therapeutic relationship/alliance?
A therapist tells a client, “People from your culture are naturally very family oriented,” intending it as a compliment. What
It is a microaggression/stereotypical assumption because it attributes a generalized characteristic to someone based on their cultural group.
A psychologist begins a nonprofessional relationship with a current client. The ethical problem is not simply that two relationships exist. According to the chapter, what makes a multiple relationship particularly concerning?
When it impairs the psychologist's objectivity, competence, or effectiveness, or when it exploits or harms the client.
After completing doctoral coursework, students typically complete this year of full time supervised clinical training before receiving the doctoral degree.
What is the predoctoral internship?
Psychotherapy was relatively uncommon among clinical psychologists until the 1940s and 1950s. This approach initially dominated, before behavioral and humanistic approaches gained popularity
What is the psychodynamic approach?
Give two arguments against granting clinical psychologists prescription privileges that are discussed in the chapter.
Any two of:
Training issues
Threats to psychotherapy
Identity confusion
Potential influence of the pharmaceutical industry
A therapist uses a different guided imagery script with a client because the original intervention emphasizes individualism, while the client's cultural background places greater emphasis on interconnectedness and relationships. What multicultural clinical practice does this illustrate?
What is cultural adaptation?
A psychologist notices that personal problems and burnout are beginning to interfere with clinical judgment and effectiveness. According to the chapter, what ethical responsibility does the psychologist have?
The psychologist should take steps to prevent personal problems or burnout from impairing professional work, including appropriate self care, consultation, assistance, and limits on professional activity when necessary.