Matter and Its Properties
raits observed without changing the substance, like color, shape, density, melting point, solubility.
Physical Properties
The smallest unit of matter, has protons (+), neutrons (0), and electrons (–).
Atom
Solids
Fixed shape and volume, particles vibrate in place.
Pure Substance
Matter with only one type of particle (gold, water).
Anything that has mass and takes up space (air, water, rocks).
Matter
Periodic Table
Chart that organizes all elements by atomic number (number of protons). Example: Oxygen atom has 8 protons, 8 electrons, 8 neutrons.
Temperature
Measure of how hot or cold something is.
How much solute is in a solution. More solute = higher concentration.
Concentration
The amount of space an object takes up, measured in cubic centimeters (cm³) or milliliters (mL).
Volume
Element
A pure substance made of one type of atom (oxygen, gold). Found on the Periodic Table.
Boiling Point
Liquid → gas
Solubility
Ability of a substance to dissolve in another.
Mass
The amount of matter in an object, measured in grams (g).
Compound
Substance made of two or more different elements bonded together (NaCl = salt).
Thermal Energy
Energy of particle motion. Adding heat = faster movement, removing heat = slower movement.
Independent Property
(do not depend on sample size) → density, boiling point, freezing point, solubility.
Density
How much mass is packed into a certain volume. Formula: m/v
Molecule
Two or more atoms bonded together (H₂O = water).
Liquid
Fixed volume but no fixed shape, particles slide past each other.
When you boil water on the stove, why does the temperature stay the same at 100°C even though heat is still being added?
Because that's the boiling point of water, and phase change is taking place. During a phase change the temperature remains constant.