Chapter 6
Produced by melanocytes, this pigment has two primary functions: protecting cellular DNA from UV radiation and providing color to skin, hair, and eyes.
What is Melanin?
This process continuously breaks down and rebuilds bone tissue to maintain structural strength, repair micro-fractures, and release calcium into the bloodstream
What is Bone Remodeling?
This slippery, viscous fluid with the consistency of egg whites lubricates synovial joint cavities and nourishes articular cartilage.
What is Synovial Fluid?
This molecule is required for both muscle contraction and relaxation, while oxygen is necessary to generate it efficiently.
What is ATP?
These sensory neurons detect environmental stimuli and transmit information toward the central nervous system.
What are Afferent (or Sensory) Neurons?
During this final stage of wound healing, scar tissue strengthens and redness decreases as the tissue continues to remodel over time.
What is the Maturation (or Remodeling) Phase?
This classic type of fracture occurs when a force causes the fracture line to twist or spiral around the shaft of the bone.
What is a Spiral Fracture?
Found between the left and right pubic bones, this cartilaginous joint allows slight movement and is known by this name.
What is the Symphysis Pubis?
This genetic, progressive neuromuscular disorder diagnosed in childhood causes muscle breakdown and frequently requires respiratory monitoring.
What is Muscular Dystrophy?
What is Muscular Dystrophy?
These protective membrane layers enclose and shield both the brain and the spinal cord within the dorsal cavity.
What are the Meninges?
This slow-growing type of skin cancer typically presents with a raised, red, scaly appearance.
What is Squamous Cell Carcinoma?
Formed by the fusion of the ilium, ischium, and pubis, this structure forms each half of the pelvic girdle.
What is the Os Coxae (or hip bone)?
This type of joint allows rotation along a central axis, such as the articulation between the atlas and axis in the neck or the proximal radio-ulnar joint.
What is a Pivot Joint?
Located in the posterior lower leg, this calf muscle works with the gastrocnemius to produce plantar flexion of the foot.
What is the Soleus?
CN X, responsible for parasympathetic regulation of heart rate, lung function, and digestion, goes by this name.
What is the Vagus Nerve?
This skin condition, caused by an infestation of tiny mites, results in intense itching and characteristic burrows within skin folds.
Scabies
Located in the foot, this specific anatomical term refers to the hallux.
What is the Big Toe?
This autoimmune disorder causes chronic inflammation of the synovial membrane, leading to joint destruction, stiffness, and deformity.
What is Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)?
This muscle group located on the anterior thigh includes the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius.
What is the Quadriceps Femoris?
Impairment or lesion of Cranial Nerve XI (Accessory Nerve) typically results in difficulty performing these two shoulder and head movements against resistance.
What are Shrugging the Shoulders and Turning the Head?
This type of skin ulcer occurs primarily on the feet of diabetic patients as a result of neuropathy and poor wound healing.
What is a Diabetic Ulcer?
This small, independent bone located in the anterior neck does not articulate directly with any other bone in the body.
What is the Hyoid Bone?
Joints connected by cartilage that allow slight movement, such as intervertebral discs or the pubic symphysis, are classified by these two terms.
What are Cartilaginous and Semi-movable joints (Amphiarthrosis)?
In group muscle movement, muscles that assist the prime mover by adding extra force or stabilizing the joint are known as this.
What are Synergists?
This division of the autonomic nervous system is activated during stress or threat, resulting in increased heart rate and elevated blood pressure.
What is the Sympathetic Nervous System?