Early Middle Ages
What Germanic tribe conquered present-day France and neighboring lands in the 400s?
The Franks
What was the code of conduct for knights called?
Chivalry
What are the sacred rituals belonging to the Catholic Church?
The sacraments
What was the group between nobles and peasants that included merchants, traders, and artisans?
The middle class
What was the farming method that divided land into three fields called?
The three-field system
What Scandinavian peoples raided Europe from the 700s through the 1100s?
The Vikings
What was the name of a lord’s estate?
A manor
Who served as the main contact between people and the Church?
The parish priest
What was a written document that set out a town’s rights and privileges?
A charter
What allowed merchants to travel without carrying gold coins that could be stolen?
Bills of exchange
Who defeated Muslim forces at the Battle of Tours in 732?
Charles Martel
What was an estate granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for service and loyalty?
A fief
What body of laws governed the Church?
Canon law
What was money or wealth used to invest in businesses called?
Capital
What did peasants produce that made a manor self-sufficient?
Almost everything they needed
What treaty was signed in 843, separating Charlemagne’s empire into three regions?
The Treaty of Verdun
What was the exchange of pledges between lords and vassals called?
A feudal contract
What was the exclusion of a person from the Roman Catholic Church as punishment for disobeying Church law?
Excommunication
What association of merchants or artisans worked together to protect their economic interests?
A guild
What crop group, including peas and beans, was planted in the second field?
Legumes
What happened to Charlemagne in Rome in the year 800?
He was crowned Emperor of the Romans.
Name three things a vassal might provide to a lord.
Military service, money, and advice
What was the claim that medieval popes had authority over all secular rulers called?
Papal supremacy
How long did a runaway serf generally have to live in a town to become free under most charters?
One year and one day
Name the three duties noblewomen took over when their husbands or fathers were away fighting.
Supervising vassals, Managing the household, and performing agricultural and medical tasks