Cellular Respiration
What are the 3 stages of cellular respiration?
- Glycolysis
- The citric acid cycle (or Krebs cycle) (or Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) cycle)
- Oxidative phosphorylation (Electron Transport Chain)
These short pieces of DNA form on the lagging strand during DNA replication because DNA polymerase can only build DNA in one direction. They are later joined together by DNA ligase.
What are Okazaki fragments?
This type of DNA has a new arrangement of nucleotide sequences created through recombination.
What is recombinant DNA?
This antibiotic-resistant bacterium requires Biosafety Level 2 (BSL-2) precautions because it can cause infections in humans.
What is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)?
This method of microbial control slows or stops bacterial growth by lowering the temperature below 0°C without necessarily killing the bacteria.
bacteriostatic
Input & Output of Glycolysis
Input: 1 Glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+, 4 ADP
Output: 2 Pyruvate, 2 NADH, 4 ATP
This specific DNA sequence is where RNA polymerase binds to start transcription, allowing DNA to be copied into RNA.
What is a promoter?
This bacterial enzyme cuts DNA at specific sequences called restriction sites and helps protect bacteria from viruses.
What is a restriction endonuclease?
This process uses disinfection methods to reduce microorganisms to levels that meet minimum public health safety standards.
What is sanitization?
Boiling water for 10 minutes is effective at killing both of these types of microorganisms but may not destroy bacterial endospores.
What are actively growing bacteria and enveloped viruses?
Input & Output for Link Reaction
Input: 2 Pyruvate, 2 NAD+, 2 CoA
Output: 2 Acetyl-CoA, 2 NADH, 2 CO2
This mutation changes one DNA base, causing a different amino acid to be added to the protein.
What is a missense mutation?
These four main ingredients must be present in a tube for PCR to work and make multiple copies of DNA.
What are template DNA, primers, Taq DNA polymerase, and dNTPs?
Antimicrobial agents that damage DNA or RNA can interfere with protein synthesis because nucleic acids contain the genetic instructions needed to make proteins.
Protein synthesis
This process uses incineration to completely destroy all microorganisms, including bacterial endospores.
What is sterilization?
Input & Output for Krebs Cycle
Input: 2 Acetyl-CoA, 6 NAD+, 2 FAD+, 2 GDP
Output: 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 GTP
This mutation changes a codon for an amino acid into a stop codon, causing protein production to end early.
What is a nonsense mutation?
These three steps are repeated during each cycle of PCR to make multiple copies of DNA.
What are denaturation, annealing, and extension?
A chemical agent that dissolves lipids can damage both of these because they contain lipid membranes.
What are cells and enveloped viruses?
Lysozyme is used during the preparation of cheeses and wines to reduce the number of these microorganisms by breaking down their cell walls.
What are bacteria?
Input & Output for Electron Transport Chain
Input: 34 ATP, 6 H20
Output: 10 NADH, 2 FADH2, 6 O2
This test uses mutant Salmonella bacteria to identify chemicals that cause mutations and may potentially cause cancer.
What is the Ames test?
Give an example of a product made by recombinant DNA technology.
Human Insulin
This undesirable characteristic of an antimicrobial agent means it only stops the growth of vegetative cells rather than killing them.
What is only arresting the growth of vegetative cells?
This antimicrobial agent is highly toxic to humans and is used as a gas to sterilize heat-sensitive medical equipment.
What is ethylene oxide?