Industry
What abundant resources helped fuel U.S. industrial growth?
Natural resources.
Who built a major steel empire?
Andrew Carnegie.
In what year was the first transcontinental railroad completed?
1869.
What organization did workers form to improve wages and conditions?
Labor unions.
What economic belief favors limited government interference in business?
Laissez-faire.
What metal became essential for railroads and buildings?
Steel.
Who became famous for controlling the oil-refining industry?
John D. Rockefeller.
Which two railroads met at Promontory Summit?
The Central Pacific and Union Pacific.
What is it called when workers collectively stop working to pressure an employer?
A strike.
What theory applied survival-of-the-fittest ideas to society?
Social Darwinism.
What process made steel faster and cheaper to produce?
The Bessemer process.
What is a market controlled by one company called?
A monopoly.
Which immigrant group provided much of the Central Pacific's labor force?
Chinese immigrants.
Which labor organization was founded in 1869?
The Knights of Labor.
What is giving money or resources to help others called?
Philanthropy.
What is it called when a company controls several stages of production?
Vertical integration.
What is it called when a company controls several stages of production?
Vertical integration.
Why did railroads adopt standard time zones?
To coordinate train schedules.
What major workplace reform sought to limit the workday?
The eight-hour workday.
What happened to many American cities as factories expanded?
They grew as workers moved there.
What manufacturing method produces large quantities of standardized goods?
Mass production.
What 1890 law targeted trusts and restraints of trade?
The Sherman Antitrust Act.
How did railroads help western farmers?
They shipped crops to distant markets.
Who led the American Federation of Labor for many years?
Samuel Gompers.
Why did critics oppose powerful trusts?
They feared reduced competition and concentrated economic power.