Carbon Compounds and Reactions
Large molecules made from many smaller repeating units called monomers are called what?
polymers
What is the main job of carbohydrates for organisms, according to the review?
to store/provide energy
What are the small building blocks (monomers) of proteins called?
amino acids
Most lipids are made from glycerol and three of these.
Fatty Acids
Name the two nucleic acids found in cells and give their abbreviations.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
What is an organic compound generally based on?
carbon
What are the three groups of carbohydrates?
monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
Name the four main elements that make up proteins
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
What does hydrophilic mean? What does hydrophobic mean?
Hydrophilic means water-attracting; hydrophobic means water-fearing/repelled by water.
DNA and RNA are polymers made from monomers called what?
nucleotides
What reaction joins monomers together to build polymers?
dehydration synthesis
What are the monomers of carbohydrates called, and what is their common name?
Monosaccharides; simple sugars
What type of covalent bond joins amino acids together?
A peptide bond.
What kind of fatty acid has only single bonds in its carbon chain?
A saturated fatty acid.
Name the three parts of a nucleotide.
A sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
During dehydration synthesis, what small molecule is removed?
water (H2O)
Name three monosaccharides listed or studied in class and give their shared chemical formula.
Examples: glucose, fructose, and galactose; each has the formula C₆H₁₂O₆.
What is the name for a long chain of amino acids, and what is another name for protein catalysts?
A polypeptide; enzymes.
What kind of bond is present in an unsaturated fatty acid?
At least one double bond.
What are the four classes of macromolecules we have reviewed?
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
What reaction breaks polymers into smaller units, and what happens to water during it?
Hydrolysis- water is added
What is a polysaccharide? Name one found in animals and two found in plants.
A large carbohydrate made of many sugar units; animal example: glycogen; plant examples: starch and cellulose.
What is an enzyme’s substrate, where does it bind, and what energy barrier do enzymes lower?
The substrate is the substance the enzyme acts on; it binds at the active site; enzymes lower activation energy.
What makes up a phospholipid, and what important cell structure contains a phospholipid bilayer?
A glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate-containing head; the cell membrane.
The review packeted asked you to identify indicators for simple sugars, starch, proteins, and lipids. What must you know about each indicator to interpret a food test?
Which substance it tests for and what a positive and negative result look like. Specific indicator names and colors should match the class lab notes.