The Enlightenment
Romanticism
Hegel
Marx
Toynbee and Spangler
100
He wrote "history is a trick we play on the past"
Who was Voltaire?
100
Romantics criticized the Enlightenment for over reliance on this
What is human reason?
100
Hegel describes describes historical change in terms of this method
What is the dialectic?
100
This collaborator of Marx wrote a book about the conditions of the working classes in England
Who was Friedrich Engels?
100
Spengler wrote that historical societies went through stages just like these
What are living organisms like plants animals and people?
200
This Italian philosopher speculated that history progress in the form of a spiral
Who was Vico?
200
This German thinker (and student of Kant) claimed that all societies had pasts worth studying and appreciating
Who was Herder?
200
Hegel asserted that history was guided by this spirit
What is the World Spirit?
200
Marx postulated that capitalism was a necessary stage on the historical road to this
What is communism?
200
Toynbee argued that civilizations rise and fall depending on their response to these
What are challenges?
300
This French philosopher viewed civilization as a perversion of man's original goodness
Who was Rousseau?
300
Histoprians like Jules Michelet in France turned from universal histories to the study of these in the 19th century
What are national histories?
300
Hegel taught that reason operated behind the backs of world historical figures in this way
What is the cunning of reason?
300
Marx taught that philosophers should not just try to understand the world, but rather do this
What is change the world?
300
In 1918, Spengler published his major work about the decline of this civilization
What is European?
400
Diderot and D'Alambert edited this this famous collection of scientific articles
What is The Encyclopedia?
400
This grandson of President John Quincy Adams wrote a nine volume history of the USA about the era of Jefferson and Madison
Who was Henry Adams?
400
Hegel thought that history manifested his will over time
What is God or the Divine?
400
Marx taught that capitalism was preceded by this historical stage
What is Feudalism?
400
Toynbee taught that these two kinds of "r" responses characterized historical empires
What are routs and rallies?
500
In his Decline and Fall of The Roman Empire, the Enlightenment historian Gibbon claimed that this caused the fall of Rome
What is Christianity?
500
Macaulay's History of England presented a "Whig" interpretation of English history as the story of the progress of this
What is liberty?
500
Hegel taught that the end of history would result in this kind of knowledge
What is the Absolute?
500
Marxist inversion of the Hegelian dialectic is called by this name
What is Dialectical Materialism?
500
Spengler characterized the Western world as Faustian, meaning that space was conceived as this
What is unlimited?
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