Mystery
How many mass extinctions have there been and what is the one we are currently in called
5 going into 6 (Anthropocene)
What is used to construct phylogenetic trees, and what do they show?
DNA analysis. Trees show evolutionary relationships
What is the overuse of antibiotic leading to?
Antibiotic resistant bacteria
What is another name for archaea and why?
Extremophiles - can inhabit harsh conditions
What does eukaryote mean, and what is the largest protist
True nucleus and giant kelp
List the major events in the history of life
Cellular life, oxygen revolution, nucleated cells, multicellularity, Cambrian explosion
What are outgroups? What is the outgroup of my tree?
Organisms that diverged before the group of interest. - Fish
Gram-positive bacteria more or less susceptible to antibiotics and more or less peptidoglycan in their cell walls
More peptidoglycan and more susceptible
How do archaea reproduce and what is the result?
Binary fission - 2 identical daughter cells
What are characteristics eukaryotes don't share with prokaryotes
membranous-bound organelles, and a nucleolus
What are the 2 kinds of eukaryotic reproduction, and what do they result in?
Mitosis (asexual) - 2 identical daughter cells
Meiosis (sexual) - 4 genetically distinct daughter cells
Define Homology and give an example using my tree
shared derived trait Ex. live births, lactation, hair, amniotic egg, 4 legs
What are the 4 positive interactions that rely on prokaryotes? Give an example for at least 1
Medicine, bioremediation, food production, agriculture
List 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of prokaryotic reproduction
Positive - Rapid -> beneficial mutations spread fast
Negative - Limited diversity -> slows evelution
List the 4 methods of movement and describe 2
Pseudopodia - False feet/arm
Flagella - spinning motor
Cilla - hair like
Gliding - on protein or slime
How old is Earth and when did life begin?
Earth - 4.6 bya
Life - 3.8 bya
What is convergent evolution? Include another word for convergent evolution and an example
Shared traits NOT due to a common ancestor Ex. wings in bats and insects
What are the two kinds of prokaryotic interactions? Give examples using bacteria
- Mutualism (+,+) microbiome
- Parasitism (+,-) lyme disease
List the 6 characteristics of archaea
No DNA in nuclear envelope, circular chromosomes, no membrane-bound organelles, unicellular, cell walls not made of peptidoglycan, and histone proteins.
Describe the endosymbiosis theory and give an example
Aerobic heterotrophic bacteria engulfed by archaea ->symbiotic relationship -> a single organism
What was the first fossil, extinct or extant, and how old
Stromatolites a kind of blue-green algae that is extant 3.5 by old
What are Monophyletic and Polyphyletic groups? Give examples of both using my table.
Monophyletic - Includes ancestors and all descendants
Polyphyletic - Does not include ancestors
What are the 3 kinds of genetic recombination? Give a description of each
- conjugation
- Transduction
- Transformation
Name the 6 different metabolism types, and which are prokaryotic only
Not - Photoautotroph, organoheterotroph
Are - photoheterotroph, organoautotroph, lithoautotroph, lithoheterotroph
Give 5 reasons protists are important and 2 examples
Produce 50% of atmospheric oxygen, base of the food chain, clean water as filter feeders, some symbiotic relationships, and disease (malaria)