Definitions
Defining Characteristics
Comparisons
The MATH
Graphs & Charts
100
Define 'psychology'
Scientific study of behavior and mental processes
100
What are the two important characteristics of science?
Empiricism & Testability
100
What are the strengths and limitations of the experimental vs. correlational design?
Strength Limitations E: can make causal claims E:low ecological validity high resources C: high ecological validity C: relationship vs cause low resources
100
Create a frequency table of the following values: 6 7 5 7 7 8 7 6 9 7 4 10 6 8 8 9 5 6 4 8
See slides
100
What are the two key differences between a column/bar graph and a histogram?
Type of data: C/B- categorical H- continuous How they are displayed C/B- spaces between bars H- bars are touching
200
What is 'empiricism'?
An approach to understanding the world based on collecting data or making observations
200
What are the 3 purposes of statistics?
1. Describe/Organize data 2. Test hypotheses 3. Generalize to populations
200
What is the difference between a sample and a population?
select group to represent vs. all members
200
When would you use a grouped frequency distribution table, and what are the 4 rules of its use?
When you have a wide range of scores/values Rule 1: Should have about 10 intervals Rule 2: Width of each interval should be relatively simple Rule 3: The bottom score should be a multiple of the width Rule 4: All intervals should be the same width
200
Identify the shapes of the 3 distributions on the screen
See slides
300
What is 'testability'?
Scientific theories should be confirmable or disconfirmable based on available research techniques
300
What are the 4 scales of measurement?
-Nominal -Ordinal -Interval -Ratio
300
What is the difference between a parameter and a statistic?
P: value(s) derived from population data S: value(s) derived from a sample
300
Calculate the mean, median, mode, and range of the data set
mean: 6.85 median: 7 mode: 7 range: 6
300
What are the 3 fundamental characteristics of the normal curve?
1. Symmetrical: upper & lower half are mirror images 2. Unimodal: mean, median, & mode all in the center 3. Asymptotic: tails extend indefinitely
400
What is the definition of statistics?
-The science that relates data to specific questions of interest -All procedures and tools used to organize and interpret facts, events, and observations that can be expressed numerically
400
What are the three defining aspects of an experiment?
Manipulation Experimental Control Randomization
400
What is the difference between a qualitative/categorical variable and a quantitative variable?
Q/C: Has discrete categories Q: has assigned numbers & values are ordered in a meaningful way
400
Calculate the variance and standard deviation of the data set
V: 2.66 SD: 1.63
400
Why is the normal curve important?
1. The normal curve is associated with probability 2. A number of commonly used statistics begin with the assumption that data are distributed normally
500
Define the four scales of measurement, providing an example for each
-Nominal: categories that are different in kind but not degree -Ordinal: allows categories to be ranked, but intervals between categories are not necessarily consistent/meaningful -Interval: Permits rank ordering with the assumption of equal intervals but zero does not indicate an absence of the characteristic/event -Ratio: equal intervals & true zero
500
What information goes into determining the correct statistics to use? (Hint: there are 3!)
-Hypothesis/Research Question and experimental design -Scale of Measurement -Distribution of variables
500
What are the 3 types of sampling, and how are they different from each other?
Random: Sample in which every member of the population has an equal likelihood of being included Representative: Sample that accurately reflects the population from which it was drawn Convenience: Sample based on proximity, ease of access, and willingness to participate
500
Calculate and interpret z-scores for the data set
4: -1.75: 1.75 st. dev below the mean 5: -1.13: 1.13 st. dev below the mean 6: -0.52: 0.52 st. dev below the mean 7: 0.09: 0.09 st. dev above the mean 8: 0.71: 0.71 st. dev above the mean 9: 1.32: 1.32 st. dev above the mean 10: 1.93: 1.93 st. dev above the mean
500
What are skewness and kurtosis?
Skewness: the extent to which a distribution of scores deviates from normal in terms of asymmetrical extension of the tails Kurtosis: The shape of a distribution in terms of its flatness or peakedness
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