Human Body Systems
This system is responsible for transporting oxygen and nutrients throughout the body.
Circulatory System
This term describes the body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment.
Homeostasis
This type of white blood cell is the main player in the body’s immune response and helps recognize and destroy pathogens.
Lymphocyte (T or B Cells)
This type of reproduction involves only one parent and produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent.
asexual reproduction
This process increases the size and number of cells in an organism.
Growth
This system helps regulate body temperature, protects against pathogens, and prevents water loss.
Integumentary System
This organ is primarily responsible for filtering blood and regulating water and salt balance in humans.
The kidney
This is the body’s first line of defense against pathogens, made up of physical and chemical barriers.
the skin and mucous membranes (or nonspecific/innate defense)
This reproductive process combines genetic material from two parents to create genetically unique offspring.
Sexual Reproduction
These types of cells are unspecialized and have the potential to become many different kinds of cells.
Stem cells
This body system removes waste products from the blood and maintains water and electrolyte balance.
Excretory System (Urinary System)
In response to dehydration, the pituitary gland releases this hormone to help the kidneys conserve water.
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
B cells protect the body by producing these molecules that specifically bind to antigens on pathogens.
Antibodies
Name one advantage and one disadvantage of asexual reproduction.
An advantage is rapid reproduction or no need for a mate; a disadvantage is lack of genetic variation
This is the term for the process where cells become specialized in structure and function during development.
Differentiation
The endocrine and nervous systems both help regulate body functions, but they do so in different ways. Describe one key difference in how these systems send signals.
The nervous system sends fast, electrical signals through neurons, while the endocrine system uses slower, chemical signals through hormones in the bloodstream
Describe how negative feedback helps maintain water balance in the human body when a person drinks a large amount of water.
Negative feedback reduces ADH secretion, which causes the kidneys to reabsorb less water, resulting in increased urine output and return to normal fluid balance?
Explain the difference between active and passive immunity, and give an example of each.
Active immunity is when the body produces its own antibodies (e.g., from a vaccine or infection); passive immunity is when antibodies are received from another source (e.g., from breast milk or an antibody injection)
Compare external and internal fertilization in animals, including one example of an animal that uses each method.
External fertilization occurs outside the body, often in aquatic environments (e.g., frogs), while internal fertilization occurs inside the female body (e.g., mammals)
Describe the role of hormones in the growth and development of humans, and name one hormone involved.
Hormones regulate growth and developmental changes. For example, growth hormone (GH) stimulates growth of bones and tissues during childhood and adolescence
A person is running a marathon on a hot day. Explain how at least two different body systems work together to maintain homeostasis.
The integumentary system helps regulate temperature through sweating, while the circulatory system redistributes blood to the skin to help with cooling. The respiratory and muscular systems also work together to increase oxygen supply to working muscles
Compare osmoregulation in freshwater fish vs. saltwater fish in terms of water and ion movement, and how each type of fish adapts to its environment.
Freshwater fish gain water by osmosis and actively excrete dilute urine while absorbing ions through gills; saltwater fish lose water by osmosis, drink seawater, and actively excrete excess salts through their gills and urine
A virus mutates so that its surface proteins no longer match existing memory B cells. Explain how this affects the immune response and why it can lead to reinfection.
The immune system's memory cells no longer recognize the virus, so the body must mount a new primary immune response, which is slower and less efficient, increasing the chance of reinfection
Explain how sexual reproduction increases genetic diversity and why this is beneficial for a species’ survival in a changing environment.
Sexual reproduction results in offspring with unique genetic combinations through processes like meiosis and fertilization, which increases a population’s ability to adapt to new conditions and resist diseases
Explain how gene expression affects cell differentiation during embryonic development, even though all cells have the same DNA.
Different genes are turned on or off in different cells during development, leading to specialized structures and functions even though the DNA is the same in all cells