child development
what is the difference between a zygote, embryo, and fetus?
Zygote – single cell
Embryo – until 8 weeks
Fetus – after 8 weeks
risk factors
Individual Risk Factors for victimization (CDC)
Children younger than 4yrs, Special needs
Individual Risk Factors for Perpetration (CDC)
Parental history of child maltreatment
Substance abuse and/or mental health issues including depression in the family
Parental characteristics such as young age, low education, single parenthood, large number of dependent children, and low income
Nonbiological, transient caregivers in the home (e.g., mother’s male partner)
Family Risk Factors (CDC)
Social Isolation
Family stress, separation or divorce, and violence, including intimate partner violence
Parenting stress, poor parent-child relationships, and negative interactions
Poor infant attachment to mother
Premature birth
Difficult temperament, behavior, mood
Physical/cognitive emotional disability, chronic or severe illness
Antisocial peer group
Age
Child aggression
Poor problem-solving skills
CAPTA
Defines child maltreatment, authorizes grants for child protection programs
Created a single federal focus for preventing and responding to child abuse and neglect
CAPTA provides Federal funding to States
What is Piagets preoperational stage?
very egocentric, speech is a form of getting thoughts out rather than communication
▪ Centration
▪ Conservation
▪ Irreversibility
▪ Classification
▪ seriation
risk factors for low birth weight?
Smoking, disease, maternal age (both old and young), drug abuse, malnutrition, excessive stress
Protective factors
Individual/child factors
social and emotional competence, attachment to parent/s
Family/parental factors
strong parent/child relationship, parental self-esteem, family cohesion, two-parent household, high level of parental education, self-efficacy, family functioning, knowledge of parenting and child development, parental resilience, concrete support for parents, Concrete support for basic needs, Household rules and child monitoring, Parental employment, Parental education, Adequate housing, Access to health care and social services, Caring adults outside the family who can serve as role models or mentors
Social/environmental factors
positive social connection and support, employment, neighborhood social capital, adequate housing, socio-economically advantaged neighborhood
DCFS
Safety: DCFS responds to the immediate needs of any child at risk of abuse and neglect
Well Being: provide the tools needed to support families in need to make home a safe place and to keep families together
Permanency: for children who can not go home, DCFS makes every effort to connect them with resource families so they can continue to grow and thrive
what are Eriksons 5 stages up until adolescence?
1 - trust vs. mistrust (birth-18mo)
2 - autonomy vs. shame and guilt (18mo - 3)
3 -
Separation anxiety vs. stranger anxiety (and the months they develop)
Separation anxiety – early as 8-9 months, more typical around 12 – 18, gradually goes away after 18, when separated from caregiver
Stranger anxiety – intense fear of unfamiliar people, develops around 6 months
Impacts on child of parental substance use
Poor cognitive, social, and emotional development
Depression, anxiety, trauma and other mental health symptoms
Physical and health issues
Substance use problems within themselves
Children’s basic needs—including nutrition, supervision, and nurturing may go unmet, which can result in neglect.
A parent with a substance abuse disorder may be unable to regulate stress and other emotions, which can lead to impulsive and reactive behavior that may escalate to physical abuse
State child protective services agencies are required to maintain records of the reports of suspected child abuse/neglect
Identifying info. About the child & child’s family
Conditions in the child’s home environment
The nature & extent of the child’s injuries & info. about other children in the same environment
Photos & medical records
Any assessments/ investigations completed by the agency
what are the psycho-social tasks of early childhood?
Recognizing themselves as a separate individual, learning how to have empathy for others, acquiring a sense of right and wrong (often rigid), learning to live with consequences
Steps to developing frustration tolerance (linked to cognitive development)
▪ Passive to others, crying (no cooperation), physical aggression, verbal aggression, using words to negotiate share manage and tolerate frustrations
what are the social risk factors in middle childhood?
Unsafe neighborhoods, high risk peer groups, low performing schools, low econ conditions, dv, bullying, marital problems, child abuse, social media, exposure to violence