Marx
Marx believed that history is largely shaped by conflicts between these groups, such as workers and owners.
What are classes.
Durkheim said society stays together through these connections between people, also called social ties
What are social bonds.
Weber defined this as the ability to get others to do what you want, even if they don’t want to
What is power.
Du Bois said Black Americans experience life from behind this symbolic barrier that separates how they see themselves from how society sees them.
What is the veil.
This feminist thinker argued that women’s oppression comes mainly from their economic dependence on men.
Who is Charlotte Perkins Gilman
This term describes the struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat over control of resources and power.
What is class struggle.
Durkheim argued that these repeated group activities—like ceremonies, prayers, or traditions—reinforce shared values and strengthen the social bonds of a community.
What are riutals.
Weber believed that modern organizations—like government agencies and corporations—are examples of this highly rational, rule-based structure.
What is bureaucracy.
This concept describes the feeling of viewing yourself through the eyes of a racist society while also seeing yourself through your own lens.
What is double consciousness.
Gilman believed this unpaid sphere of work keeps women dependent and limits their freedom.
What is domestic labour.
Marx used this term to describe the feeling workers get when they don’t control their work, the product, or their creativity.
Bonus: name 4 forms of this.
What is alienation.
1. Enstrangment from the product
2. Enstrangment from the labour process
3. Enstragement from human (self)
4. Enstragement from other workers
This type of social solidarity is found in simple societies where people shared the same values, beliefs, and lifestyles? AND, in complex, modern societies, solidarity comes from people depending on each other because they perform specialized roles—Durkheim called this type of bond what?
There are two to name.
1. Mechanical solidarity
2. Organic solidarity
Weber shows how modern power depends on meaning and legitimacy, not just material control – authority works because people believe rules or leaders are rightful
What is domination.
Double consciousness creates a tension between being both Black and American, a struggle Du Bois famously called having this.
What is twoness.
Patricia Hill Collins argued that oppression isn’t just about gender, but about how gender combines with race, class, and other factors—an idea known as this.
What is intersectionality.
According to Marx, this theory explains how changes in material conditions—like technology and the economy—shape ideas, institutions, and society itself.
De Vrij: Everything in the social world, including history, is progressed by material forces
What is historical materialism.
Durkheim believed that shared group activities—like ceremonies, rituals, or celebrations—strengthen social bonds by creating this intense feeling of unity.
What is collective effervescence.
According to Weber, modern society increasingly operates through calculated rules, efficiency, and logic—an overall process known as this.
What is rationalization.
Du Bois said that living behind the veil gives Black Americans this special ability to see society more clearly and critically than those in the majority.
What is second sight.
Collins describes how systems like racism, sexism, and class exploitation work together to produce inequality; she calls this interconnected structure the what?
What is the matrix of domination.
Marx argued that profits come from this source: the extra value workers create beyond what they are paid in wages.
Say a worker creates $100 of goods in a day and gets paid only $20 in wages. The extra $80 is capitalist profit.
What is surplus value.
Durkheim argued that social rules, norms, and expectations exist outside the individual and shape behavior; these powerful forces are known as what?
What are social facts.
Weber argued that broader ideas, describing the different ways people accept leaders as legitimate, are formed through 3 types of authority.
1. What is charismatic authority
2. What is legal-rational authority
3. What is traditional authority
Du Bois argued that these kinds of barriers—ranging from blocked access to jobs and property to discrimination in courts, schools, and voting spaces—make formal rights ineffective because material inequality prevents people from actually using them.
What is why formal rights fall short.
Patricia Hill Collins used this phrase to describe how Black women working in white households or institutions gain a unique, critical insight into power and inequality by being both inside the system but not fully accepted by it.
What is the outsider within.