#22(a,b,c), 24
appeal to generalities
Generalities can evoke either a favorable or a negative response.
default bias
middle between novelty and tradition; it's current, so it's good
ex: "if it ain't broke don't fix it."
29(b) Biased authorities
people who have something to gain using their authority.
ex: actor being paid to advertise a product.
Hypothesis contrary to fact
thinking about a "what-if?" situation to promote an idea.
ex: "if only the red hadn't blown that call in the 3rd quarter, we'd have been state champs."
Glittering generalities
high-sounding phrase that triggers an emotional reaction
ex: wars of liberation, advance always.
transfer and negative transfer
something thought of positively and put them with something/someone.
ex: popular person promoting a product.
ex: associating a negative person w/ a negative thing.
29(c) incompetent authorities
people expressing their opinion beyond their expertise
ex: You wouldn't go to your hairdresser and ask for medical advice because that is not their area of expertise.
discredited a person before they can be judged fairly
ex: a new teacher comes in, someone spreads a rumour that she smells. Then a poll goes around for the best-smelling teacher
opposite of glittering generalities
The opposition is referred to with words that trigger a negative emotional response
ex: extremist, bigot.
false dilemma
setting up two options as if they are the only options
ex: "We either venture out on the icy roads and risk an accident, or we stay home and waste the 50$ ticket we have to the concert.
Post Hoc
after this, therefore, because of this." This fallacypresents a false cause
ex: "I've got my lucky game shirt on today, everytime i've worn this shirt the silver streaks win- they are going to win today because I am wearing my lucky shirt.
Loaded words
It can be used to trigger a negative feeling against things.
ex: artificial, chemical, and radical.
victory by defintion
Redefine something to suit your argument
ex: teacher thinking someone cheated
"It's not cheating just to look at someone else's paper to get fresh ideas for your own."
concurrency
sister to post hoc, jumping to a conclusion about the connection between two events that happen at the same time.
ex: while brushing my teeth, I got a headache, the toothpaste is hazardous.
cliches/trendy sayings
substitute for thinking rational thoughts/thinking through something.
ex: "YOLO," "for the plot."
unknown authorities
evoking authority that is unclear or unknown
ex: "they say."
False analogy
extending an analogy beyond the point of comparison
ex: buying ice cream is the same as buying a sports car.