SLAVERY
In the colonies, enslaved people were considered this under the law, rather than citizens.
PROPERTY
Because the Northern Colonies had many rivers and a long coastline, this industry became very important.
Shipbuilding, fishing, trade
This term describes the dangerous sea journey that forced enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas.
Fort Duquesne was built by this country in the Ohio River Valley to protect its claims in North America.
France
Who was Phillis Wheatley?
Born in West Africa around 1753, Phillis was kidnapped and brought to Boston, Massachusetts as a child.
The Wheatleys taught Phillis to read and write, which was unusual for enslaved people at the time.
She began writing poems about religion, morality, freedom, and life in colonial America.
She became an inspiration for abolitionists and people who believed in human rights.
“Follow the Drinking Gourd” was a song used by enslaved people to help enslaved Africans escape. What did it teach or guide them to do?
How to follow the Big Dipper (the “drinking gourd”) to find the North and freedom.
The song contained secret directions to help enslaved people escape from the South to the North or to free states/Canada.
It acted as a map in a song, teaching them to follow rivers and landmarks toward freedom.
Name each region and the states in which belong to them and their climates, and their goods-for an extra 50 points what is the nickname of the Middle Colonies
Northern Colonies (New England Colonies)
Massachusetts/New Hampshire/Rhode Island/Connecticut
Rocky soil → small farms/Cold winters, fish, lumber, shipbuilding
Middle Colonies "BREADBASKET COLONIES"
New York/New Jersey/Pennsylvania/Delaware
Fertile soil → good for farming/Cool and warm, grain, breads, corn, cattle
Southern Colonies
Maryland/Virginia/North Carolina/South Carolina/Georgia
Warm climate → long growing season/Plantations, tobacco, rice, cotton, indigo
Define IMPORT and EXPORT
Export
Definition: Goods that a country or colony sends to another country to sell.
Import
Definition: Goods that a country or colony brings in from another country to buy or use.
After several attacks, the French abandoned Fort Duquesne in 1758, and the British built a new fort called this.
Fort Pitt
This area was fought over by the French and British because it was valuable for trade, land, and access to the interior of North America.
Ohio River Valley
Compare and Contrast Slavery between the Northern and Southern Colonies
North:
Had fewer slaves due to less work/small farms and skilled labor and domestic work instead of plantations
Lived in close quarters with their owners, more interaction with free people and their owns which allowed them to learn skills
South:
South was seen as property, central to wealth, worked in large numbers on plantations outside in poor conditions and often lived with other slaves in small quarters. This made it easier to establish a sense of community amongst themselves. Allows time to plan for escape, and often would see more rebellions and uprisings
The Middle Colonies’ fertile soil allowed farmers to grow extra crops to sell. These crops, like wheat and barley, were called this.
Cash Crops
The Middle Passage was the second leg of this three-part trading system linking Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
THE TRIANGULAR TRADE
Fort Duquesne was important because it controlled trade with this valuable item in the Ohio Valley, which was a major cause of the French and Indian War.
What is Fur
Who was Nat Turner and why was he important?
Nat Turner was an enslaved African American in Virginia who led one of the most well-known slave rebellions in the United States.
In 1831, Nat Turner led a rebellion where he and a group of followers rose up against enslavers, attacking plantations.
The rebellion resulted in the deaths of about 55 white people
Nat Turner’s rebellion terrified slaveholders
He became a symbol of resistance,
Describe the Middle Passage from Beginning to End
Middle (The Atlantic Crossing)
The Middle Passage was the sea journey across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas. Enslaved people were forced onto ships and kept in very tight spaces below deck. The trip could last weeks or even months. Conditions were extremely harsh, and many people became sick or died during the voyage. Some enslaved Africans resisted by refusing food, singing, or attempting to rebel.
End (Arrival in the Americas)
When ships arrived in the Americas, survivors were sold at auctions to plantation owners or others who wanted laborers. Families were often separated at this point. Enslaved people were then forced to work on plantations, farms, or in homes, beginning a life of slavery with no freedom or legal rights.
Enslaved Africans in the South developed their own culture, music, and traditions. How did this help them survive life on plantations?
Ig created a sense of community, hope, and resistance despite harsh conditions. It offered a sense of family during a time of cruelty and allowed them time to establish familiar relationships, ultimately buying them time to plan uprisings and rebellions, and song. Some of these songs contained secret messages that allowed the slaves to escape to freedom.
Define Mercantilism and connect it to the Triangular Trade and Slavery
Mercantilism is when a country controls trade and colonies to make itself richer.
How it connects to The Triangular Trade
Europe → Africa: Ships brought goods (like guns, cloth, and tools) to trade for enslaved Africans.
Africa → Americas (Middle Passage): Enslaved Africans were forced across the Atlantic to work in colonies.
Americas → Europe: Colonies sent raw materials (like sugar, tobacco, rice, and cotton) back to Europe.
How it connects to slavery:
Colonies needed labor to grow cash crops for Europe.
Enslaved Africans provided that labor.
Mercantilism profited European countries while enslaved people suffered under forced labor.
This treaty ended the French and Indian War, forcing France to give up Canada and all claims east of the Mississippi River. It also helped set the stage for future conflicts between Britain and its American colonies.
What is The Treaty of Paris
Who was Olaudah Equiano and explain the following passage:
"“No people could have endured what we endured without a sense of religion, or hope that things would be better.” "
Born in West Africa (around 1745). Kidnapped as a child and forced onto a slave ship during the Middle Passage. Enslaved in the Americas, then later bought his freedom
How did the warm climate and fertile land of the Southern Colonies affect the growth of slavery
The warm climate and fertile land of the Southern Colonies allowed farmers to grow large cash crops like tobacco, rice, and indigo. These crops required a lot of labor to plant, tend, and harvest.
Because plantations were large and labor-intensive, landowners wanted a cheap and constant workforce. Enslaved Africans were forced to provide this labor, which made farming more profitable for plantation owners. Over time, slavery became deeply connected to the Southern economy because the land and climate supported crops that depended on year-round work.
Religion and culture influenced life differently in each colonial region. Explain how religion and cultural diversity shaped communities in the Northern, Middle, and Southern Colonies.
Northern Colonies: Mostly Puritans → strict religious rules, town meetings, schools focused on reading the Bible, tight-knit religious communities.
Middle Colonies: Very diverse → Quakers, Dutch, Germans, Swedes, and others; encouraged religious tolerance, cultural mixing, and diverse communities.
Southern Colonies: Anglican or Protestant mainly; religion less strict, fewer towns and schools → plantation life shaped communities, and wealthy landowners held most social and political power.
These are natural resources or basic materials used to make goods or products.
Name 7 produced from the Colonies
Raw Materials
FUR/TOBACCO/LUMBER/FISH/LUMBER/GRAIN/INDIGO/COTTON/RICE/CORN/IRONS
In 1754, Washington led a small force against the French, known as one of the first battles of the French and Indian War.
Fort Necessity
This famous explorer claimed the Ohio River Valley for France
Robert de La Salle