German Unification
He was the Prussian chancellor who famously declared that the great questions of the day would be decided by "blood and iron."
Bismarck
his Tsar issued the 1861 decree that emancipated 22 million serfs.
Alexander II
This "wily" statesman and nobleman served as the prime minister of Sardinia-Piedmont and was the chief architect of Italian unity.
Camillo Benso di Cavour
These Western-style reforms, launched in 1839, sought to modernize the Ottoman Empire and grant equality to all religious groups.
Tanzimat
This was the name of the new French government established after the fall of Napoleon III in 1871.
The 3rd Republic
This 1866 conflict, lasting only seven weeks, ended with Prussia's decisive victory and the exclusion of Austria from German affairs.
Austro-Prussian War
This humiliating 1853-1856 defeat proved that Russia was a "poor agrarian society" in desperate need of modernization.
Crimean War
He was the romantic, revolutionary leader of the "Red Shirts" who invaded Sicily in 1860.
Giuseppe Garibaldi
The Imperial Rescript of 1856 was the high point of reform, declaring all citizens equal before the law regardless of what?
Faith
This radical 1871 Parisian government was brutally crushed by the national army, resulting in 20,000 deaths.
Paris Commune
The final unification of Germany was proclaimed in 1871 in the Hall of Mirrors at this famous French palace.
Versailles
These were the local assemblies established in 1864 to deal with local issues like education and health.
Zemstvos
This autocratic kingdom in northern Italy, led by Victor Emmanuel II, became the driving force for national unification.
Sardinia-Piedmont
These fervent patriots seized power in a 1908 coup and forced the sultan to implement modernizing reforms.
Young Truks
This divisive 1894 scandal involved a Jewish army captain falsely accused of treason and fueled modern anti-Semitism.
Dreyfus Affair
This popularly elected lower house of the new German Empire gave the appearance of democracy while ultimate power remained with the king.
Reichstag
He was the finance minister who led Russia's industrial surge in the 1890s, including the building of the Trans-Siberian Railway.
Sergei Witte
n his 1864 Syllabus of Errors, this Pope denounced rationalism, socialism, and the separation of church and state.
Pope Pius IX
He was the governor of Egypt whose modernized army challenged Ottoman authority and nearly toppled the sultan.
Muhammad Ali
To build national loyalty, the Third Republic established a system of free, compulsory, and this type of non-religious schooling.
Secular Schooling
This was the name of the new German confederation formed by Bismarck in 1866 after the war with Austria.
North German Confederation
This 1905 massacre of peaceful protesters at the Winter Palace sparked a revolution and led to the creation of the Duma.
Bloody Sunday
This 1858 secret Plombières Agreement between Cavour and Napoleon III sought to drive Austria where?
Northern Italy
By 1914, these three Balkan nations had successfully broken away from Ottoman rule.
Greece, Serbia, and Romania (also Bulgaria and Montenegro)
This was the primary reason the French government severed all ties with the Catholic Church in 1905.
The Dreyfus Affair had shown the Church was anti-republican and anti-Semitic.