Neuroanatomy
What is the correct order, from largest to smallest, of a nerve structure?
Nerve ⇒ fascicle ⇒ axon ⇒ neurolemma (myelin sheath) ⇒ plasma membrane
Graded potentials occur in the ______ segment of the neuron.
receptive (dendritic/cell body)
What disease causes ascending paralysis and affects the PNS?
Guillain–Barré syndrome
The corpus callosum is what type of white matter tract?
Commissural Tract
What nerve innervates the diaphragm and what plexus does it come from?
Phrenic - Cervical
The plasma membrane of the axon is called the _______.
Axolemma
What type of transport protein requires energy and is highly abundant in neurons?
Sodium-potassium pump (Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase)
Which glial cell produces CSF and where is it found?
Ependymal cells—found lining the ventricles of the brain and central canal of spinal cord
What structure relays sensory information to the cerebrum?
Thalamus
What is the name of the bundle of nerves at the lower end of the spinal cord?
Cauda Equina
Which space does cerebrospinal fluid flow through?
Subarachnoid space (between arachnoid and pia mater)
What is the value of a neuron’s threshold?
-55mV
What is the key difference between oligodendrocytes and neurolemmocytes?
Oligodendrocytes myelinate CNS axons; neurolemmocytes (Schwann cells) myelinate PNS axons.
What part of the brain processes and experiences emotions?
Limbic system (amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus)
What nerve is the longest in the body and what plexus does it originate from?
What is the resting membrane potential of a neuron?
-70 mV
Which type of neuron contains the nucleus?
Multipolar neuron (in CNS; cell body contains nucleus)
What neurotransmitter is low in Parkinson’s disease and plays a role in cognition?
Dopamine
What is the name of CN6?
Abducens
What does the dorsal root ganglion contain and what information does it transmit?
Sensory/Afferent
Functionally, the Peripheral Nervous System is composed of _____
a. the sensory nervous system
b. the motor nervous system
c. nerves and ganglia
d. a+b
D. a+b
The axon hillock is part of what segment in the neuron, and what does it do?
a. receptive segment – bind neurotransmitters to produce graded potentials.
b. initial segment – initiate action potentials.
c. transmissive segment – release neurotransmitters.
d. conductive segment – propagate action potentials.
b. initial segment – initiate action potentials.
An individual is recovering from an acute, infectious respiratory illness and now finds that they have muscle weakness in their distal limbs. By the time they see their neurologist, the individual is now experiencing muscle weakness in their proximal limb. Their neurologist describes this experience as ascending paralysis. What disease does this patient most likely have and what part of the nervous system does it affect?
a. Guillain-Barré Syndrome – peripheral nervous system
b. Multiple Sclerosis – central nervous system
c. Guillain-Barré Syndrome – central nervous system
d. Atherosclerosis – peripheral nervous system
a. Guillain-Barré Syndrome – peripheral nervous system
Where is the primary motor area of the cerebrum located?
a. in the precentral gyrus
b. in the postcentral gyrus
c. in the occipital lobe
d. in the insula
a. in the precentral gyrus
The roots of the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal spinal nerves are collectively known as the _____
a. filum terminale
b. cervical plexus
c. sacral plexus
d. cauda equina
d. cauda equina