If a young athlete is making errors at a practice because of a lack of natural reinforcers for correct performance, what error correction strategy might be applied?
Making an available reinforcer contingent after improved performance rather than making it noncontingent by presenting the reinforcer at the end of practice.
When might it be necessary to use a multiple-component error correction program (such as that researched by Koop & Martine with swimmers) to decrease errors?
When the same errors have been repeated every time the activity occurs and are difficult to change or eradicate because these errors are very resistant to change.
At Coach Keedwell’s swimming practices when relays were noncontingent, what two behaviour-consequence occurrences likely maintained improper turns by the swimmers?
What are the four components of behavioural skills training?
Instruction, modeling, rehearsal, and feedback.
List five recommended guidelines for using videotaped replays for decreasing errors and improving skilled performance.
Briefly describe the components of the multiple-baseline design across people as applied with two swimmers.
S1 began treatment at 6 weeks after their baseline was as level as possible while S4 began treatment at 9 weeks. There were roughly 2 week gaps between maintenance phases for S1 and 1 week gaps for S4.
Were any of Jennifer’s goals (figure 11-1) outcome goals?
(Outcome goals: goals for results against competitors). Yes, many of her goals included her rating of first or best.
At Coach Keedwell’s swimming practices when relays were noncontingent, what two behaviour-consequence occurrences likely maintained unscheduled touchdowns in the middle of sets by the swimmers?
Define key words and describe an example from this chapter.
Key words serve as prompts for specific positions or focusing attention.
The behavioural treatment involving the freeze technique appears to involve several behavioural principles including punishment, modeling, rule-governed control over behaviour, and positive reinforcement. Describe how each of these principles may have been involved.
From pages 171, 173, and 174, describe three reasons why beginners might make errors or mistakes when executing a previously-learned skill.
Because they’ve practiced performing a behaviour successfully only after a certain number of tries, lack of focus, and because there is insufficient natural reinforcement for correct performance.
Define mastery criterion and describe an example from this chapter.
A mastery criterion is a guideline for performing a skill with the end goal of likely being mastered.
What may be a limitation of the freeze technique? Discuss with reference to an example.
Freezing may be impossible in some situations because of an athlete’s momentum as in skiing or when freezing and listening are not possible like in swimming.
Describe the steps that Jennifer followed to decrease her errors due to her lack of focus. Describe what she did before, during, and after practices.
Goal setting before practices, key words and mental rehearsal during games, and self-monitoring during and after practices.
Describe how the three components were implemented to improve Amy’s movement during restarts during soccer scrimmages?
Goal setting: set a goal if 90% correct performance of movement during re-starts
Public posting: practice scrimmages and games would be taped and results would be posted on a daily performance chart
Oral feedback: reviewing the chart and praising when the goal was met
Is the public posting procedure described for improving Amy’s soccer performance at the beginning of this chapter likely to involve positive reinforcement, punishment, or both?
Both. A “good” performance score would result in positive reinforcement as Amy would see the positive results and want to achieve a high score again, but a “poor” performance score would be a form of punishment (addition of aversive stimulus).
List the five behavioural components that appear to be included in the old-way/new-way error-correction technique.